Tuesday, May 13

15 STUDIES IN THURSDAY'S NEWS

PLUS: 651 new Studies we posted from 11/1 to Wednesday 12/18 Start at the Bottom!



Pharmacological treatment for memory disorder in multiple sclerosis.
We found no convincing evidence to support the efficacy of pharmacological symptomatic treatment for MS-associated memory disorder because most of available RCTs had a limited quality. Whether pharmacological treatment is effective for memory disorder in patients with MS remains inconclusive. However, there is moderate-quality evidence that donepezil 10 mg daily was not effective in improving memory in MS patients with mild memory impairment, but had a good tolerability. Adverse events such as nausea, diarrhoea and abnormal dreams were not frequent but were associated with treatment. Ginkgo biloba, memantine and rivastigmine were safe and well tolerated and no serious adverse effects were reported. Future large-scale RCTs with higher methodological quality are needed.

A Review of Safety-Related Pregnancy Data Surrounding the Oral Disease-Modifying Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis.
Using existing information from published clinical trials and drug monographs, as well as recent conference proceedings, this review summarizes the mechanism of action (in relation to embryogenesis and pregnancy) and existing animal or human pregnancy-related data for approved (fingolimod, teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate) and investigational (laquinimod and firategrast) oral DMDs for MS.

Multiple Sclerosis Disease Progression and Paradichlorobenzene: A Tale of Mothballs and Toilet Cleaner.

Partial recovery after severe immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a multiple sclerosis patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
There is still difficulty in differentiating PML progression from IRIS onset and there is not a clear description in the literature about different clinical forms of IRIS, prognostic factors and guidelines to properly treat this complication in order to reduce the residual disability of the patient surviving this treatment complication.

Risk acceptance in multiple sclerosis patients on natalizumab treatment.
We aimed to investigate the ability of natalizumab (NTZ)-treated patients to assume treatment-associated risks and the factors involved in such risk acceptance.  Risk acceptance is a multifactorial phenomenon, which might be partly explained by an adaptive process, in light of the higher risk acceptance amongst NTZ-treated patients and, especially, amongst those who are JCV seropositive but still have low PML risk, but which seems also intimately related to personality traits.

Ten Years of Proteomics in Multiple Sclerosis.
In this review, we summarize these data, presenting their value to the current knowledge of the disease mechanisms, as well as their importance as identification of biomarkers or treatment targets.

Using existing data to identify candidate items for a health state classification system in multiple sclerosis.
This study produced a health state classifier system based on items impacted upon by MS, and demonstrated the potential to discriminate the health impact of the disease.

Magnetization transfer and adiabatic T1ρ MRI reveal abnormalities in normal-appearing white matter of subjects with multiple sclerosis.
With the goal of exploring the sensitivity of novel MRI parameters to detect such abnormalities, we implemented an inversion-prepared magnetization transfer (MT) protocol and adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ rotating frame relaxation methods.  The results suggest degenerative processes occurring in the NAWM of MS, likely not accompanied by significant abnormalities in iron content.

Toll-like receptor 3 differently modulates inflammation in progressive or benign multiple sclerosis.

Coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis: Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and natural history.
The coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) in the same individual has rarely been described. Our objective was to report on the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of cases fulfilling the criteria for both SLE and MS.  Occurrence of both diseases in the same individual is rare, corroborating data that suggest distinct molecular signatures. SLE and MS coexistence was not associated with a severe phenotype for either entity.

Body fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis.
Despite the need for biomarkers and extensive research to identify them, validation and clinical application of biomarkers is still an unmet need in multiple sclerosis, and large gaps remain between exploratory biomarkers proposed in many studies, validated biomarkers, and biomarkers that are integrated into routine clinical practice.

Clinical presentation of pediatric multiple sclerosis before puberty.
To facilitate early diagnosis it is important to recognize that pre-pubertal MS presents with a specific pattern of symptoms that is maintained over the first two disease years.

Plasma homocysteine levels in patients with multiple sclerosis in the Greek population.
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) as a possible risk factor for several diseases of the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine the plasma levels of Hcy in a group of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients from a Greek population and the possible correlation with age, disability status, activity or duration of disease, sex, and treatment.  The preliminary data suggest that Hcy levels were not elevated in our sample of Greek MS patients, which does not support previous findings of a significant correlation between elevated serum Hcy levels and MS. Further studies to establish a possible association between MS and Hcy levels in the context of different ethnic groups with different habits are needed.

Circulating levels of soluble apoptosis-related molecules in patients with multiple sclerosis.
These findings support a role of TRAIL in the pathogenesis of MS, especially during the acute phases of the disease.

Predictors of changes in suicidality in multiple sclerosis over time.
Interventions aimed at evaluating and monitoring depression over time should be considered in order to reduce the risk of suicidality. Implications for Rehabilitation Due to the inconsistency and unpredictability of MS, depression should be assessed routinely. Given the high prevalence of depression and suicidality in MS, mental health services should be available and encouraged by healthcare providers treating individuals with MS.


651 STUDIES FROM 11/1 to Wednesday 12/18 are below: 
Fumarates improve psoriasis and multiple sclerosis by inducing type II dendritic cells.
umarates improve multiple sclerosis (MS) and psoriasis, two diseases in which both IL-12 and IL-23 promote pathogenic T helper (Th) cell differentiation. However, both diseases show opposing responses to most established therapies. First, we show in humans that fumarate treatment induces IL-4-producing Th2 cells in vivo and generates type II dendritic cells (DCs) that produce IL-10 instead of IL-12 and IL-23. In mice, fumarates also generate type II DCs that induce IL-4-producing Th2 cells in vitro and in vivo and protect mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Adversarial growth in patients with multiple sclerosis and their partners: relationships with illness perceptions, disability and distress.
The findings support the idea of a 'communal search for meaning' where patients and their partners experience the trauma of having a chronic illness and subsequently find positive aspects together.

Down syndrome presenting with multiple sclerosis, thyroid dysfunction, and diabetes mellitus. Multiple autoimmune disorders in a genetic disorder.
An association of DS and other autoimmune disease has been previously reported, and we report one case of DS in coexistence with MS, diabetes mellitus, and thyroid diseases. We suggest that MS, such as other autoimmune diseases, is prevalent in DS patients.

B cells in multiple sclerosis: connecting the dots.

Cesarean delivery may increase the risk of multiple sclerosis.
This study was designed to evaluate whether mode of delivery (vaginal versus cesarean section), as a perinatal factor, affects susceptibility to MS.  Our results suggest that those born by vaginal delivery are at a lower risk of subsequent MS. These preliminary findings will need to be addressed in a much larger and preferably prospective study.

Evaluation of a new model of short-term palliative care for people severely affected with multiple sclerosis: a randomised fast-track trial to test timing of referral and how long the effect is maintained.
Receiving PC earlier has a similar effect on reducing symptoms but greater effects on reducing care giver burden, compared to later referral. In this phase II trial, the authors lacked the power to detect small differences. The effect of PC is maintained for 6 weeks after withdrawal but then appears to wane.

A cross-sectional, multicentre study of the therapeutic management of multiple sclerosis relapses in Italy.
Our study confirms the therapeutic attitude of multiple sclerosis specialists in treating relapses with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids in a day hospital setting, with a tapering in a proportion of cases. The main reasons for prescription are relapse severity and symptom evolution.

Differentiating patterns of oligoclonal banding in the cerebrospinal fluid improves diagnostic utility for multiple sclerosis.
The diagnostic significance of oligoclonal bands in CSF for MS/CIS can be improved by restricting interpretation to the delta banding pattern alone.

The possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms for development of multiple sclerosis in familial Mediterranean fever.
Due to mitochondrial energy deficit, remyelination may not be achieved, and therefore, axonal damage increases. Thus, at the end of these pathophysiological processes, MS findings may occur in the FMF patients especially with irregular use of colchicine.

Fatigue and heat sensitivity in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Fatigue is one of the most common and troubling symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), and heat is often reported as a trigger. Although it is assumed that this heat sensitivity is specific for MS, the evidence for disease specificity is limited. We studied the relationship between fatigue, heat sensitivity, and environmental temperature, and its specificity for MS.  Our findings support the assumption that heat sensitivity regarding fatigue has an MS-specific component. Although patients with MS experience a relationship between environmental temperature and fatigue, objective assessment by climatological data could not confirm this.

Physical activity, self-efficacy, and health-related quality of life in persons with multiple sclerosis: analysis of associations between individual-level changes over one year.
Physical activity and self-efficacy both might be important targets of subsequent behavioral and self-management interventions for improving the HRQOL of persons with MS, although self-efficacy is seemingly more important than physical activity.

Supervised resistance training results in changes in postural control in patients with multiple sclerosis.
The findings suggested that postural control of MS patients could be affected by a supervised resistance training intervention.

Advances in imaging to support the development of novel therapies for multiple sclerosis.
Higher-field MR scanners and new positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands are providing new insights into cellular and pathophysiological abnormalities, and should be valuable in future therapeutic trials. Retinal axonal loss measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT) can assess acute neuroprotection in optic neuritis.

Patient satisfaction in rehabilitation of patients with multiple sclerosis.
The motor and non-motor symptoms of multiple sclerosis often result in a substantially reduced health-related quality of life. We surveyed patient satisfaction and own evaluation of the benefit of a period spent at a specialised rehabilitation centre.  Patients who have had stays at the Hakadal MS rehabilitation centre are satisfied and feel that the stay will be of great importance to their level of functioning and mastery.

Impairment of heme synthesis in myelin as potential trigger of multiple sclerosis.
According to the present hypothesis, MS can be primarily triggered by environmental factors acting on a genetic susceptibility, while the immune response may be a consequence of a primary oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen species produced consequently to an imbalance of cytochromes and respiratory chains in the sheath.

Caregiving in multiple sclerosis.
Rehabilitation medicine professionals should be aware of the high risk of caregiver burden. Assessment of caregiver needs and appropriate intervention will help minimize the burden on caregivers.

Exercise in multiple sclerosis.
General guidelines are available for exercise prescription for the MS population. There are several recommendations that may help improve the quality of future MS exercise trials.

[The first experience of the use the Russian Betaseron biosimilar (infibeta) in the daily practice of the Moscow Center of Multiple Sclerosis.]
Good tolerability comparable to that of the original drug was observed during the first year of treatment. There was no refusal from therapy with infibeta, which indicated sufficiently strong adherence to this type of treatment.

[Clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis in the Tomsk region.]
The more favorable course of disease (the lesser severity of disability and slower rate of MS progression) was found in women.

[Clinical and electrophysiological and molecular genetic characteristics of the course of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.]

Current evaluation of alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis.
Alemtuzumab offers induction strategy for very active relapsing MS patients who have failed conventional therapy, and possibly selected treatment-naive patients. Alemtuzumab use is likely to be restricted to specialized MS centers, with long-term monitoring to determine the true risk for adverse effects.

Natalizumab for multiple sclerosis: appraising risk versus benefit, a seemingly demanding tango.
Serious adverse effect such as PML warrant extreme caution and heightened clinical vigilance while prescribing the drug. If used with prudence, the drug can be instrumental in treatment of patients with inadequate response to the first-line medications.

Dimethyl Fumarate (Tecfidera): A New Oral Agent for Multiple Sclerosis.
To describe the clinical evidence supporting the safety, efficacy, and clinical utility of oral dimethyl fumarate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS).  In March 2013, dimethyl fumarate was approved as a third oral option for patients with relapsing forms of MS. Although no head-to-head trials have been conducted, a comparison of data from phase III trials suggests that the efficacy of dimethyl fumarate is comparable to that of existing oral agents and may offer a preferable safety profile.

Optic coherence tomography findings in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients of the northwest of Iran.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a simple, high-resolution technique to quantify the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macula volume, which provide an indirect measurement of axonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to evaluate OCT finding in relapsing-remitting MS patients of the northwest of Iran and compare them with a normal control group. 
Findings of the present study in the northwest of Iran buttress the idea that RNFL thickness can be greatly affected by MS. Our results also indicate that this effect is associated with ON and MS duration and severity.

PET imaging of demyelination and remyelination in the cuprizone mouse model for multiple sclerosis: A comparison between [11C]CIC and [11C]MeDAS.
Taken together, the results of this comparative study between [11C]CIC and [11C]MeDAS clearly show that [11C]MeDAS is the preferred PET tracer to monitor myelin changes in the brain and spinal cord in vivo.

Clinical relevance and functional consequences of the TNFRSF1A multiple sclerosis locus.
We set out to characterize the clinical impact and functional consequences of rs1800693(G), the multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility allele found in the TNFRSF1A locus.  The MS rs1800693(G) susceptibility allele affects the magnitude of monocyte responses to TNF-α stimulation, and the TNF pathway may be one network in which the effect of multiple MS genes becomes integrated.

Interventions for children coping with parental multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.
Evidence demonstrates children of parents with MS who increase their coping skills, social support, and knowledge of the disease process exhibit decreased emotional distress and increased overall life satisfaction.

Effects of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) on health-related quality of life in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: findings from the CONFIRM study.
Coupled with clinical and neuroradiological benefits, these HRQoL results further support BG-12 as an effective oral treatment for relapsing MS.

Isolation of Clostridium perfringens Type B in an Individual at First Clinical Presentation of Multiple Sclerosis Provides Clues for Environmental Triggers of the Disease.
We examined sera and CSF obtained from two tissue banks and found that immunoreactivity to ETX is 10 times more prevalent in people with MS than in healthy controls, indicating prior exposure to ETX in the MS population. C. perfringens epsilon toxin fits mechanistically with nascent MS lesion formation since these lesions are characterized by BBB permeability and oligodendrocyte cell death in the absence of an adaptive immune infiltrate.

Major depression and multiple sclerosis - a case report.
Existing therapies that target immune modulation are largely ineffective in halting the progression of the disease and are fraught with severe side effects. Therefore, managing the comorbidities of MS is of utmost importance for long-term patient care and quality of life. 

Genetic characterization of gliomas arising in patients with multiple sclerosis.
We conclude that gliomas in MS patients have genetic features paralleling counterparts in non-MS patients. There is no strong genetic evidence for GBMs to be secondary GBMs.

Wnt signaling in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis-associated chronic pain.
Our data collectively suggest that Wnt signaling pathways are up-regulated in the SCDH of the EAE mice and that aberrant activation of Wnt signaling contributes to the development of EAE-related chronic pain.

Cognitive reserve and patient-reported outcomes in multiple sclerosis.
The present work investigates the relationship between cognitive reserve and demographic characteristics, health behaviors, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs).  This expanded measurement of cognitive reserve captures both the passive and active aspects of the construct, and there is a consistent and substantial relationship with PROs. Individuals with high passive and/or active reserve are healthier and experience higher levels of well-being.

Limiting multiple sclerosis related axonopathy by blocking Nogo receptor and CRMP-2 phosphorylation.
We conclude that phosphorylation of CRMP-2 may be downstream of NgR1 activation and play a role in axonal degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Blockade of Nogo-A/NgR1 interaction may serve as a viable therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis.

MP2RAGE multiple sclerosis magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T.
he results show that the 3D T1-weighted high-resolution MP2RAGE contrast provides a sensitive means for MS lesion assessment. The additional quantitative T1 relaxation time maps obtained with the MP2RAGE provide further potential diagnostic and prognostic information that could help (a) to better discriminate lesion subtypes and (b) to stage and predict the activity and the evolution of MS. Results also indicate that the T2-weighted double-inversion recovery and FLAIR-SPACE contrasts are attractive complements to the MP2RAGE for lesion detection.

Patient perceptions of multiple sclerosis and its treatment.
Patient understanding of treatment for disease enhances treatment adherence. Greater patient involvement in disease management requires better communication between physicians and their patients.

Meanings, motivations, and strategies for engaging in physical activity among women with multiple sclerosis.
The aim of the current study was to better understand the adoption and maintenance of physical activity from the perspective of women with multiple sclerosis (MS).  A consideration of these beliefs, motivations, and strategies may be useful for designing behavioral interventions to increase physical activity that are sensitive to the needs and preferences of women with MS.

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and venous stenoses in multiple sclerosis.
The traditional view that multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease has recently been challenged by the claim that MS is caused by chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). Although several studies have questioned this vascular theory, the CCSVI controversy is still ongoing. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of CCSVI in Danish MS patients using sonography and compare these findings with MRI measures of venous flow and morphology.  Our results do not corroborate the presence of vascular pathology in RRMS and we found no evidence supporting the CCSVI hypothesis.

Discovery of fingolimod, the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator and its application for the therapy of multiple sclerosis.

Cognitive rehabilitation correlates with the functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in patients with multiple sclerosis.
A significant "treatment × time" interaction was found for the increased FC of the right IPL and for the decreased FC of the right ITG. In the TG only, significant correlations (p < 0.001) were found between improvement of PASAT performance and RS FC of the ACC with the right MFG (r = 0.88) and right IPL (r = 0.76). In MS, cognitive rehabilitation correlates with changes in RS FC of brain regions subserving the trained functions. fMRI might be useful to monitor rehabilitative strategies in MS.

A patient with Leiden V mutation, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and sicca syndrome: could celecoxib and fingolimod adversely affect the heart?
The paper describes the case of a patient affected by a combination of genetic and autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, Leiden V mutation, and sicca syndrome) and hypertension. The psoriatic arthritis was treated with celecoxib and multiple sclerosis with fingolimod. The patient developed high fever and endocarditis, resulting in severe mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, and congestive heart failure. Evidence is suggestive of adverse effects of potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies with biologic agents and the cardiovascular system. Fingolimod increases susceptibility to infections and induced endocarditis resulting in severe mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, and congestive heart failure. Managed care systems limit the contact among basic care physicians and specialists. However, the process by which the optimal decision may be reached for a patient with a complex pathology is shared decision making, where the risk of severe complications and medical expenses may be reduced.

Quality of life and depression in multiple sclerosis patients: longitudinal results of the BetaPlus study.
compared to baseline the proportion of depressive patients decreased. Coping strategies as well as supportive elements such as autoinjectors and nurses had a significant impact on QoL and depression. However, the study had the general limitations of a non-controlled design.

Natalizumab is effective in multiple sclerosis patients switching from other disease modifying therapies in clinical practice.
Natalizumab showed to decrease ARR, stabilize EDSS, increase the percentage of CELs free patients and decrease the number of CELs in a group of 50 poor responders to classical DMT, after the first 12 months of therapy.

Balance impairment in people with multiple sclerosis: preliminary evidence for the Balance Evaluation Systems Test.

Acute demyelinating lesions with restricted diffusion in multiple sclerosis.
It is widely accepted that typical acute demyelinating lesions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) exhibit vasogenic edema with increased diffusion, as demonstrated by an increased apparent diffusion coefficient on MRI. In contrast, acute ischemic lesions demonstrate cytotoxic edema with restricted diffusion. Recent reports have documented selected cases of acute demyelinating lesions exhibiting restricted diffusion (ADLRD) in MS. We aimed to assess the morphologies, distributions, signal characteristics and changes over time of nine ADLRD. An additional goal was to obtain clinical correlations and relate our findings to all previously published case reports describing ADLRD.  Our results and review of prior published cases suggest that ADLRD represent a new variant of MS lesion. The restricted diffusion that is a characteristic of ADLRD on MRI is a new challenge in the differential diagnosis of stroke in young adults. The pathogenesis of ADLRD remains to be understood.

Disease-activity-free status in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with daclizumab high-yield process in the SELECT study.
The objective of this paper is to assess the proportion of DAC HYP- versus placebo-treated patients who were free from disease activity. 
At one year, DAC HYP resulted in a meaningful increase in the proportion of relapsing-remitting MS patients who were disease-activity free versus placebo.

Desirability and expectations of the UK MS Register: Views of people with MS.
This study elicited the views of people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) on the desirability and expectations regarding a UK Register for MS.  The security and accessibility of the website, the validity of the data, and mismatches between the expected and actual uses, are all issues of importance in the development of e-health tools, if PwMS are to be successfully engaged over time.

Elevated levels of PPAR-gamma in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis.
Controlling for potential confounders, the CSF levels of PPARγ further displayed a moderate but significant association with clinical severity. Corroborating with prior experimental findings, these results may contribute to our understanding about the role of PPARγ in MS, and may implicate this protein as a potential CSF biomarker of the disease.

Microglia in normal appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis are alerted but immunosuppressed.
The activation status of microglia in NAWM of MS patients likely reflects a response to ongoing neuroinflammation, which coincides with upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules to prevent full activation and damage to the vulnerable milieu.

Healthcare provider beliefs about exercise and fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis.
Healthcare providers are encouraged to consider strategies of active listening and careful observation when providing individualized exercise programs for people with MS-related fatigue. In addition, recognition and understanding of the complex nature of fatigue by the interdisciplinary team might facilitate more positive exercise experiences for this population.

Neuropsychological rehabilitation has beneficial effects on perceived cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis during nine-month follow-up.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether short-term neuropsychological rehabilitation has long-term beneficial effects in a nine-month follow-up.  The beneficial effects of strategy-oriented neuropsychological rehabilitation on perceived cognitive deficits in MS may be maintained for at least one year after the beginning of the intervention.

Matrix metalloproteinases and their pathological upregulation in multiple sclerosis: an overview.
Recently many studies, both in animals and humans, have been conducted to better elucidate the underlying causes, mechanisms and pathophysiology of MS. In this review, we discuss the potential role of pathological upregulation of MMPs in MS and future challenges which if properly addressed might help in development of potential cure for this disease.

The impact of sexual dysfunction on health-related quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis.
The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of sexual dysfunction on HrQoL in a large national sample using The Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire-19 (MSISQ-19).  In patients with MS, sexual dysfunction has a much larger detrimental impact on the mental health aspects of HrQoL than severity of physical disability.

Autoantigens and autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis.
The overactive pro-inflammatory Th1 cells and clonal expansion of B cells initiate an inflammatory cascade with several cellular and molecular immune components participating in MS pathogenic mechanisms. In this scenario, autoantibodies and autoantigens have a significant role in immunopathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic targets of MS. In this review, we try to introduce the autoantigens and autoantibodies and explain their roles in pathogenesis of MS.

Gene expression changes underlying cortical pathology: clues to understanding neurological disability in multiple sclerosis.
In this review, we summarize existing data from gene expression changes in cortical tissues from MS brains and how they may provide clues to the pathogenesis.

Chromosomal radiosensitivity in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Induced micronuclei yield was significantly lower in the irradiated samples from treated relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients than in healthy controls and relapsing-remitting not treated patients. Intrinsic sensitivity of lymphocytes subpopulations to the apoptotic effect of immunomodulatory treatment could be responsible for this result.

The improvement of cognitive functions is associated with a decrease of plasma Osteopontin levels in Natalizumab treated relapsing multiple sclerosis.
To investigate the effect of two-years Natalizumab treatment on plasma Osteopontin levels, cognitive performances and fatigue in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients.  Natalizumab treatment reduces plasma Osteopontin levels and improves cognition and fatigue in RRMS patients. The results suggest that the improvement of cognitive functions is associated to a decrease of plasma Osteopontin levels.

Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus and related human endogenous retrovirus-W in patients with multiple sclerosis: a literature review.
Evidence suggests that both retroviruses may be endogenous to humans and that failure to suppress viral activity may not be restricted to patients with multiple sclerosis and therefore an unlikely cause of the disease.

Endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis-new pieces to the puzzle.
Thus, these new findings regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of MS, suggest alternative ways to challenge autoimmune diseases.

Home-based exercise program and fall-risk reduction in older adults with multiple sclerosis: phase 1 randomized controlled trial.
Home-based exercise was found to be feasible, safe, and effective for reducing physiological fall risk in older adults with multiple sclerosis. Our findings support the implementation of a larger trial to reduce fall risk in persons with multiple sclerosis.

Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: relationship with disease duration, physical disability, disease pattern, age and sex.
The analysis of covariance revealed that there is no difference in the covariance-adjusted means for fatigue among two disease groups (relapsing remitting and secondary progressive) except for EDSS. MS patients with longer disease duration, higher EDSS and progressive type of disease suffer from fatigue more than cases with lower EDSS, duration of disease and relapsing type of the disease. 
Do generic utility measures capture what is important to the quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis?
Although the generic utility measures included certain items that were important to people with MS, there were several that were missing. An important consequence of this mismatch was that values of QOL derived from the PGI were importantly and significantly lower than those estimated using any of the generic utility measures. This could have a substantial impact in evaluating the effect of interventions for people with MS.

Prevalence and predictors of depression in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study.
A significant association was found between fatigue and antidepressant use (P = 0.001, OR = 6.81, 95 % CI = 2.26-20.48). Our findings demonstrate that depression is significantly associated with fatigue and older age, regardless of other factors. Moreover, despite the high prevalence of depression in MS, most patients do not receive adequate treatment.

Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: where do we go from here?
Vitamin D as a treatment for MS is an emerging concept and both current and anticipated data will be covered. Lastly, we discuss future challenges, ideas on how to move from association to causation, and the prospect of primary prevention of this disabling disease.

Atypical idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating lesions: prognostic implications and relation to multiple sclerosis.
Our findings confirm the previously reported subtypes of AIIDLs. Most types confer a relatively low risk of further clinical attacks, except for ring-like lesions and the combination with MS-typical lesions.

Relationship between NF-κB1 -94 ins/del ATTG polymorphism and susceptibility of multiple sclerosis in Iranian MS patients.
To conclude, our study showed no association between -94 ins/del ATTG polymorphism and risk of multiple sclerosis in Iranian patients.

Do generic utility measures capture what is important to the quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis?
Although the generic utility measures included certain items that were important to people with MS, there were several that were missing. An important consequence of this mismatch was that values of QOL derived from the PGI were importantly and significantly lower than those estimated using any of the generic utility measures. This could have a substantial impact in evaluating the effect of interventions for people with MS.

Advances in the management of multiple sclerosis spasticity: experiences from recent studies and everyday clinical practice.
Follow-up studies in Sativex responders support continued benefit without the need to increase doses for at least 1 year. Sativex appears to be a promising solution for a meaningful proportion of patients with MS-related spasticity who have inadequate response to current antispasticity medications.

[The CD100 semaphorin expression on peripheral blood T-lymphocytes in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.]
These data suggest the use of semaphorin as a possible therapeutic target in pathological inflammation in MS.

[Epidemiological characteristics of multiple sclerosis in the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic.]
The higher prevalence of MS in Nalchik may be explained by adverse environmental factors increasing the risk of MS. A case-control study revealed the higher risk for people under 15 years old living very close to chemical and biological plants.

Validation of patient determined disease steps (PDDS) scale scores in persons with multiple sclerosis.
The Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS) is a promising patient-reported outcome (PRO) of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, there is limited evidence regarding the validity of PDDS scores, despite its sound conceptual development and broad inclusion in MS research.This study examined the validity of the PDDS based on (1) the association with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores and (2) the pattern of associations between PDDS and EDSS scores with Functional System (FS) scores as well as ambulatory and other outcomes.  This study provides novel evidence supporting the PDDS as valid PRO of disability in MS.

Effect of 4-aminopyridine on vision in multiple sclerosis patients with optic neuropathy.
The objective of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was to examine if patients with optic neuropathy would derive a therapeutic benefit from 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) treatment. Furthermore, the study was intended to determine if patients with certain P100 latencies or retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measures would be more likely to respond to therapy. 
4-Aminopyridine is useful for improving vision in patients with demyelinating optic neuropathy. Future clinical trials may be able to enrich a patient population for potential responders using OCT and VEP measures. Selecting patients for future trials should use RNFL measures as part of inclusion/exclusion criteria.

Longitudinal 7-year follow-up of chronic pain in persons with multiple sclerosis in the community.
This study provides longitudinal insight into the complex multidimensional chronic pain-related disability in pwMS over a longer period. Improved clinician understanding of the course of chronic pain, early intervention, and patient self-management may decrease pain-related disability and contribute to their overall well-being.

Increased concentrations of glutamate and glutamine in normal-appearing white matter of patients with multiple sclerosis and normal MR imaging brain scans.
The results suggest that Glx may be an important marker for pathology in non-lesional white matter in MS. Moreover, Glx is related to the severity of MS independent of number of lesions in the patient. In contrast, increased glial density indicated by increased mIns and decreased neuronal density indicated by the decreased tNA, were only observed in NAWM of typical CDMS patients with white matter lesions.

Cortisol awakening response is linked to disease course and progression in multiple sclerosis.
Dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has frequently been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS). So far, HPA axis function in MS has predominantly been studied under pharmacological stimulation which is associated with a series of methodological caveats. Knowledge of circadian cortisol patterns and cortisol awakening response (CAR) is still limited. 
Circadian cortisol release, in particular CAR, shows a course specific pattern with most pronounced release in RRMS. There is also some evidence for greater CAR in RRMS patients with EDSS progression. As a consequence, CAR might be of predictive value in terms of neurological disability in RRMS patients. The possible role of neuroendocrine-immune interactions in MS pathogenesis is further discussed.

Functional connectivity changes within specific networks parallel the clinical evolution of multiple sclerosis.
In multiple sclerosis (MS), the location of focal lesions does not always correlate with clinical symptoms, suggesting disconnection as a major pathophysiological mechanism. Resting-state (RS) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is believed to reflect brain functional connectivity (FC) within specific neuronal networks.  FC changes seem to parallel patients' clinical state and capability of compensating for the severity of clinical/cognitive disabilities.

Novel therapeutic options for multiple sclerosis.
Half a dozen immunomodulators with proven efficacy in RRMS are now undergoing evaluation in Phase III trials in the CPMS indication. Neuroprotective drugs that prevent demyelination and/or improve remyelination would be interesting for CPMS, but these drugs are currently in the early development phase and their efficacy has not been demonstrated yet.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Suppressing the JAK/STAT Pathway in Multiple Models of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
In vivo AZD1480 treatment impairs both the priming and expansion of T cells and attenuates Ag presentation functions of myeloid cells. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway has clinical efficacy in multiple preclinical models of MS, suggesting the feasibility of the JAK/STAT pathway as a target for neuroinflammatory diseases.

Randomized controlled trial of physical activity, cognition, and walking in multiple sclerosis.
The current study supports physical activity as a promising tool for managing cognitive impairment and impaired walking performance in persons with MS, and suggests that physical activity might have specific effects on cognition and non-specific effects on walking performance in this population.

Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Self-Reported Physical, Cognitive, and Social Functioning in Multiple Sclerosis.
Self-efficacy plays a significant role in individual adjustment to MS across multiple areas of functional outcome beyond that which is accounted for by disease-related variables and symptoms of depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).

Iron depletion induced by bloodletting and followed by rhEPO administration as a therapeutic strategy in progressive multiple sclerosis: A pilot, open-label study with neurophysiological measurements.
To evaluate the concept that iron depletion (ID) induced by bloodletting and followed by recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) administration could be a therapeutic strategy in progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) and that it could be assessed by neurophysiological measurements.  The combined ID-rhEPO therapy could authorize a prolonged administration of rhEPO in PMS patients, able to modify cortical excitability of the glutamatergic and gabaergic circuits. These preliminary data are encouraging to design a larger, controlled therapeutical trial to assess the value of such a strategy to improve functional symptoms in PMS patients, and maybe to prevent axonal degeneration. Neurophysiological measurements based on cortical excitability studies could provide sensitive parameters to evaluate treatment-induced changes in this context.

Evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis.
This article is a brief overview of additional ways in which central nervous system (CNS) physiology-as measured by EPs-can still contribute value in the management of MS in the era of MRIs.

Co-occurring Depression and Pain in Multiple Sclerosis.
the article discusses how existing treatments of pain and depression could be adapted to address shared mechanisms and overcome barriers to treatment utilization.

Cognition, cognitive dysfunction, and cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.
The functional impact of cognitive problems expected with MS is emphasized, accompanied by examples of cognitive retraining approaches used to manage them and improve day-to-day performance.

Gait impairment and optimizing mobility in multiple sclerosis.
Compensation through appropriate prescription of assistive devices, bracing, and wheelchairs will help improve safety. Rehabilitation can make a significant impact on achieving and maintaining quality of life and independence.

Clinical case reviews in multiple sclerosis spasticity: experiences from around Europe.
Assessment of the European clinical experience is intended to provide a better understanding of the prescribing regulations for MS spasticity treatments, facilitate identification of suitable candidate patients for Sativex and increase awareness of alternative management approaches for MS-related spasticity.

[Relationship between biochemical parameters of cerebrospinal fluid and the course of multiple sclerosis.]
The relative risk of exacerbation of the disease in the next three years was associated with the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-2.

Guideline for the diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis: A Southern African perspective.
This guideline, written on behalf of the Multiple Sclerosis Society of South Africa, aims to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of MS in Southern Africa.

[Controlled research on multiple sclerosis treated with electroacupuncture and acupoint injection].
To observe the clinical efficacy of multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with electroacupuncture and acupoint injection.  EA and AI co-act on reducing disability and improving the life quality in the treatment of MS and have achieved coordinately the significant effects.

Management of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis [Internet].
The emergence of novel oral and injectable agents necessitates consideration of their place in therapy, including the potential for combination therapy. Thus, the comparative clinical and cost-effectiveness of currently available and emerging disease-modifying agents for RRMS, both alone and in combination, need to be determined.

Cystoid macular oedema after fingolimod treatment in multiple sclerosis.
Attention to visual changes and periodic funduscopic examinations are an important part of monitoring while using fingolimod. In our patient early recognition and discontinuation of fingolimod did not result in resolution of the CME.

Optimizing therapeutics in the management of patients with multiple sclerosis: a review of drug efficacy, dosing, and mechanisms of action.

Clinical, MRI, and CSF Markers of Disability Progression in Multiple Sclerosis.
Current relevant literature addressing the topic of clinical, MRI, and CSF markers as predictors of MS disability progression is reviewed here.

Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in multiple sclerosis patients with lesions showing reduced diffusion.
The ADC reduction and CSF pleocytosis were observed only early after symptom onset, which suggests that both are typically early and transient phenomena.

A biopsychosocial model of resilience for multiple sclerosis.
The findings lend support to psychological interventions which focus on promoting the personal resources and assets needed to cope effectively with multiple sclerosis.

Objective duplex ultrasound evaluation of the extracranial circulation in multiple sclerosis patients undergoing venoplasty of internal jugular vein stenoses: A pilot study.
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a condition associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and manifested by stenoses in the extracranial venous circulation. There is a need for an objective non-invasive assessment of CCSVI that is able to accurately identify the location of stenoses and quantify physiological changes in blood flows following treatment.
The ECDU examination described provides a reliable objective assessment of IJV and VV stenoses and, with the use of BVFs, can quantify the degree of obstruction. These results support the use of ECDU as a non-invasive post-operative assessment of the success of venoplasty. The ability of ECDU to measure GACBF provides an additional parameter to monitor vascular pathophysiology in MS patients. The current findings support the view that the early symptomatic benefits observed after venoplasty for stenoses in the extracranial venous circulation may be the result of increased cerebral perfusion.

Increase in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis over a 17-year period in Osona, Catalonia, Spain.
The prevalence of multiple sclerosis cases in Osona has increased over the past 17 years to being one of the highest reported in Spain.

Cluster-tic syndrome as the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis.
he association between cluster-tic syndrome and MS is an exception, and the mechanism of the pain is still unknown; therefore, this case might suggest a pathophysiological relationship between the trigeminal main sensory nucleus and cluster-tic syndrome.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of interferon beta-1b for the treatment of patients with a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis.
To assess, from a Swedish societal perspective, the cost effectiveness of interferon β-1b (IFNB-1b) after an initial clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) (ie, early treatment) compared with treatment after onset of clinically definite MS (CDMS) (ie, delayed treatment).
Early treatment with IFNB-1b for a first clinical event suggestive of MS was found to improve patient outcomes while controlling costs.

Characterizing contrast-enhancing and re-enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis.
In multiple sclerosis (MS), contrast-enhancing lesions (CELs) in T1-weighted postcontrast MRI are considered markers of blood-brain barrier breakdown. It remains unknown if re-enhancement can be considered a radiologic indicator of different pathology in CELs. We investigated 1) the incidence of re-enhancing lesions (re-CELs) from chronic lesions; 2) differences in size, magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), and likelihood to appear as acute black holes (aBHs) between new lesions (n-CELs) and re-CELs; and 3) associations between re-CELs and features indicating more advanced disease.
Nearly 20% of CELs represent the reoccurrence of enhancement in chronic plaques. Re-CELs represent larger areas of inflammation, not necessarily associated with larger areas of edema.

Association of multiple sclerosis with restless legs syndrome and other sleep disorders in women.
To assess the association of multiple sclerosis (MS) with concurrent restless legs syndrome (RLS) and daytime sleepiness. We also prospectively examined whether women with MS had an increased risk of developing RLS during 4 years of follow-up.  Women with MS had a significantly higher prevalence of RLS and daytime sleepiness and an increased risk of developing RLS in the future.

Microcystic macular oedema in multiple sclerosis is associated with disease severity.
Microcystic macular oedema may also contribute to visual dysfunction beyond that explained by nerve fibre layer loss. Microcystic changes need to be assessed, and potentially adjusted for, in clinical trials that evaluate macular volume as a marker of retinal ganglion cell survival. These findings also have implications for clinical monitoring in patients with multiple sclerosis on sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulating agents.

Biplanar MRI for the assessment of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis.
To investigate the entire spinal cord (SC) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with biplanar MRI and to relate these MRI findings to clinical functional scores.  Biplanar MRI facilitates a comprehensive identification, localization, and grading of pathological SC findings in MS patients. This improves the confidence and utility of SC imaging.

Periventricular demyelination and axonal pathology is associated with subependymal virus spread in a murine model for multiple sclerosis.
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of mice is a widely used animal model for demyelinating disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the present study was to identify topographical differences of TMEV spread and demyelination in the brain of experimentally infected susceptible SJL/J mice and resistant C57BL/6 mice.  Summarized, the demonstration of ependymal infection and subjacent spread into the brain parenchyma as well as regional virus clearance despite ongoing demyelination and axonal damage in other CNS compartments allows new insights into TME pathogenesis. This novel aspect of TMEV CNS interaction will enhance the understanding of region-specific susceptibilities to injury and regenerative capacities of the brain in this MS model.

Decreased frontal lobe gray matter perfusion in cognitively impaired patients with secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis detected by the bookend technique.
There is increasing evidence implicating microvascular impairment in MS pathogenesis. Perfusion imaging offers a unique opportunity to investigate the functional impact of GM pathology. We sought to quantify differences in MR imaging-based bookend-derived cerebral perfusion between cognitively impaired and nonimpaired patients with SPMS.  Bookend-derived GM qCBV was significantly reduced in cognitively impaired patients with SPMS in functionally relevant brain regions.

Immunoadsorption therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis with steroid-refractory optical neuritis.
In multiple sclerosis relapses refractory to intravenous corticosteroid therapy, plasma exchange is recommended. Immunoadsorption (IA) is regarded as an alternative therapy, but its efficacy and putative mechanism of action still needs to be established.  IA was effective in the treatment of corticosteroid-refractory optic neuritis. IA influenced the humoral immune response. Strikingly, however, we found strong evidence that demyelination products and immunological mediators were also cleared from plasma by IA.

Faith as a Resource in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Is Associated with a Positive Interpretation of Illness and Experience of Gratitude/Awe.
The aim of this cross-sectional anonymous survey with standardized questionnaires was to investigate which resources to cope were used by patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We focussed on patients' conviction that their faith might be a strong hold in difficult times and on their engagement in different forms of spirituality.  The ability to reflect on what is essential in life, to appreciate and value life, and also the conviction that illness may have meaning and could be regarded as a chance for development was low in R-S- individuals which either may have no specific interest or are less willing to reflect these issues.

Improved differentiation between MS and vascular brain lesions using FLAIR* at 7 Tesla.
To investigate whether a new magnetic resonance image (MRI) technique called T2*-weighted fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR*) can differentiate between multiple sclerosis (MS) and vascular brain lesions, at 7 Tesla (T).  7-T FLAIR* improves differentiation between MS and vascular lesions based on lesion location, perivascular orientation and presence of hypointense (rims around) lesions.

Relative changes in ankle and hip control during bilateral joint movements in persons with multiple sclerosis.
The purpose of this study was to quantify hip and ankle impairments contributing to movement dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS).  Rehabilitation strategies targeting ankle recovery or compensation using the hip might improve movement function in MS.

Evolution of Quality of Life in Renal Transplant Recipients and Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Follow-up Study.
We aimed to compare the evolution of quality of life in 2 medical conditions under immunotherapy (cadaveric renal transplantation [G1] and multiple sclerosis [G2]), and to assess the clinical significance of the results compared with a representative age-adjusted sample of the general Spanish population (G3).  Renal transplant recipients need specialized health care 1 year after transplantation because they still display relevant impairment in daily functioning compared with the general population.

Future directions of multiple sclerosis rehabilitation research.
he conference was presented by the University of Washington's Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation Research and Training Center and focused on the current state of research into secondary conditions, outcomes measurement, employment, and the utility of psychotherapeutic interventions. This article discusses the details and recommendations of this conference.

Visual issues in multiple sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis has several ophthalmic manifestations, including optic neuritis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and nystagmus. The presentation, treatment, and prognosis of visual complaints secondary to multiple sclerosis are discussed. Additionally, the use of optical coherence tomography and complications related to the use of fingolimod are considered.

Bladder management in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple Sclerosis and Fatigue: Understanding the Patient's Needs.
(1) To assess, from the perspective of individuals living with MS, the relevance of a subset of items from the PROMIS fatigue item bank. (2) To identify additional aspects of fatigue that individuals with MS believe are important for clinicians when asking about their fatigue experience.

Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis.
This article reviews terminology used to describe movement disorders, discusses individual movement disorders and their occurrence in patients with multiple sclerosis, and reviews treatment options.

Activities of daily living: evaluation and treatment in persons with multiple sclerosis.
Occupational therapy assessment and treatment of impairments related to movement, sensory-related symptoms, fatigue, and cognitive impairments can have a significant impact on the quality of life of persons with multiple sclerosis.

Spasticity management in multiple sclerosis.
Choice of treatment hinges on a combination of the extent of symptoms, patient preference, and availability of services.

BCG vaccine for clinically isolated syndrome and MS: Infections and protective immunity.
Can infections ever be beneficial for MS? The long-held yet unproven "hygiene hypothesis" proposes that certain infections early in life might reduce the risk of developing autoimmune diseases by inducing protective immunity.2 In addition, parasitic intestinal infections in people with MS may reduce disease activity.3 It follows that better sanitation and common use of disinfectants and antibiotics may account in part for the increased prevalence of MS and other autoimmune diseases in North America and much of Europe, compared with Africa, South America, and parts of Asia. If true, might we harness this natural phenomenon to develop new treatments for MS?

Can we optimize our teams? Multidisciplinary care for multiple sclerosis.
Using a multidisciplinary approach, the Auvergne MS network has explored other avenues of domiciliary-based care to seek improvements in the patient-centered management of MS. These include: access to high-dose methylprednisolone in the home, ensuring appropriate supervision and support; participation in national clinical research programs coordinated from hospital centers of excellence; provision of multidisciplinary clinic services where healthcare professionals across different disciplines can attend to the patient on the same day in the same center of care; development of individual and group-based cognitive therapy programs; educational programs focusing on the management of fatigue and cognitive impairment associated with MS; and educational programs focusing on optimal use of immunomodulating agents in MS patients.

Measuring symptoms and wellness in the multiple sclerosis patient: issues in measurement.
This review examines some important basic principles of measurement and considers issues as they apply to examples of measures used for patients with multisymptomatic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis, with a particular focus on application of the spasticity 0-10 Numerical Rating Scale and its correlation with the Patient Global Impression of Change scale.

Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis.
If confirmed, these findings suggest that a high proportion of MS cases could be effectively prevented by vitamin D supplementation. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that vitamin D insufficiency is a risk factor for conversion from clinically isolated syndrome to MS and for MS progression. Both prevention and treatment trials with vitamin D are needed to confirm these findings and to determine optimal levels of vitamin D. 

Endogenous and Recombinant Type I Interferons and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis


To establish a detailed technical procedure for studying the anatomical correlates of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in cadavers of multiple sclerosis and control subjects, and to present our findings of the normal anatomic venous structures, with reference to previous descriptions from the literature.  Post-mortem studies can provide valuable information about the architecture of intraluminal structures. In addition to providing a more thorough understanding of the extracranial venous system, we hope that our discussion and technical approach to dissection will help with future gross anatomical inspection of CCSVI.

In this study of 1181 MS patients and 1886 controls we found that Bout Onset MS was associated with the C-allele of the marker rs391745 near the HERV-Fc1 locus (p = 0.003), while primary progressive disease was not. The ability to see genetic differences between subtypes of MS near this gene speaks for the involvement of the virus HERV-Fc1 locus in modifying the disease course of MS.

Cognitive impairment in MS impacts negatively on many patients at all disease stages and in all subtypes. Full clinical cognitive assessment is expensive, requiring expert staff and special equipment. Test versions and normative data are not available for all languages and cultures.  A brief cognitive assessment for MS has been recommended. A validation protocol has been prepared for language groups and validation studies have commenced.


Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system. While the clinical impact of gray matter pathology in MS brains is unknown, 30–40% of MS patients demonstrate memory impairment. The molecular basis of this memory dysfunction has not yet been investigated in MS patients.  

Cerebral atrophy is a correlate of clinical progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). Mitochondria are now established to play a part in the pathogenesis of MS. Uniquely, mitochondria harbor their own mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), essential for maintaining a healthy central nervous system. We explored mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and mtDNA deletions in single neurons from secondary progressive MS (SPMS) cases.  

Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) belongs to a family of proteins which plays an important role in protein acetylation, chromatin remodeling and transcription of genes, including those that are involved in cell proliferation and cell death. While increased expression of HDAC3 is seen in neoplastic cells, the role of HDAC3 in T cells and their role in autoimmune disease is not known.  MS patients, when compared to controls, show an increased expression of HDAC3 and relative resistance to TSA induced apoptosis in T cells. Increased expression of HDAC3 in PBMC of MS patients may render putative autoreactive lymphocytes resistance to apoptosis and thereby contribute to autoimmunity.


We found that season and solar cycles have some role in MS susceptibility and life duration. However, this is an exploratory analysis and further work is needed to discern the association.


Numerous cytokines are implicated in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), but studies are often limited to whole blood (WB) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), thereby omitting important information about the cellular origin of the cytokines. Knowledge about the relation between blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell expression of cytokines and the cellular source of CSF cytokines is even more scarce.  In CSF-cell studies, B-cells appear to be enriched in RRMS and associated with expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines; contrarily, monocytes are relatively scarce in CSF from RRMS patients and are associated with IL10 expression. Thus, our findings suggest a pathogenetic role of B-cells and an immunoregulatory role of monocytes in RRMS.

As SHP-1 is deficient in MS leukocytes and SHP-1-regulated proinflammatory genes are correspondingly upregulated, we propose that increased SHP-1 promoter methylation may relate in part to decreased SHP-1 expression and increased leukocyte-mediated inflammation in MS.

The protective haplotype for MS in STAT3 is a risk allele for Crohn disease, implying that STAT3 represents a shared risk locus for at least two autoimmune diseases. This study also demonstrates the potential of special isolated populations in search for variants contributing to complex traits.

Pharmacokinetic profile of dalfampridine extended release: clinical relevance in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Cognitive impairment occurs in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis: results from a United States network.
In the largest sample studied to date, we measured cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with pediatric multiple sclerosis (n = 187) as well as those with clinically isolated syndrome (n = 44).  A diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (odds ratio = 3.60, confidence interval = 1.07, 12.36, P = .04) and overall neurologic disability (odds ratio = 1.47, confidence interval = 1.10, 2.10, P = .03) were the only independent predictors of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment may occur early in these patients, and prompt recognition is critical for their care.

Progressive degeneration of the retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with multiple sclerosis.
To quantify changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) over 3 years and to evaluate whether treatment protects against RNFL degeneration.  Progressive axonal loss can be detected in the optic nerve fiber layer of MS patients. Analysis of the RNFL by OCT can be useful for evaluating MS progression and efficacy of treatment as a neuroprotective factor against axonal degeneration.

Environmental factors and their regulation of immunity in multiple sclerosis.
Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that environmental factors such as infections, smoking and vitamin D are associated with the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Some of these factors also play a role in the MS disease course. We are currently beginning to understand how environmental factors may impact immune function in MS on a cellular and molecular level. Here we review epidemiological, clinical and basic immunological studies on the environmental factors, viral and parasitic infections, smoking, and vitamin D and relate epidemiological findings with their likely pathophysiology in MS.

Gait variability and disability in multiple sclerosis.
Gait variability is clinically relevant in some populations, but there is limited documentation of gait variability in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).   EDSS was positively correlated with step length variability and individuals with MS who used assistive devices to walk had significantly greater step length variability than those who walked independently (p's<.05). EDSS was correlated with step time and length variability even when age was taken into account. Additionally, Fisher's z test of partial correlations revealed that average gait parameters were more closely related to disability status than gait variability in individuals with MS. This suggests that focusing on average gait parameters may be more important than variability in therapeutic interventions in MS.

Epigenetics and miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Measurement and clinical effect of grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis.
During the past 10 years, the intense involvement of the grey matter of the CNS in the pathology of multiple sclerosis has become evident.  By focusing on the latest insights into the in-vivo measurement of grey matter lesions and atrophy, we can assess their clinical effects.

Genetic and infectious profiles of Japanese multiple sclerosis patients.
Nationwide surveys conducted in Japan over the past thirty years have revealed a four-fold increase in the estimated number of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, a decrease in the age at onset, and successive increases in patients with conventional MS, which shows an involvement of multiple sites in the central nervous system, including the cerebrum and cerebellum. We aimed to clarify whether genetic and infectious backgrounds correlate to distinct disease phenotypes of MS in Japanese patients.  Our study suggests that MS patients harboring DRB1*0405, a genetic risk factor for MS in the Japanese population, have a younger age at onset and a relatively benign disease course, while DRB1*0405-negative MS patients have features similar to Western-type MS in terms of association with Epstein-Barr virus infection and DRB1*1501. The recent increase of MS in young Japanese people may be caused, in part, by an increase in DRB1*0405-positive MS patients.

Multiple sclerosis and glutamate excitotoxicity.

A wireless body measurement system to study fatigue in multiple sclerosis.

Benign course of tumour-like multiple sclerosis. Report of five cases and literature review.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) with initial neuroradiological features suggestive of brain tumour (tumour-like MS) may represent a challenging diagnosis.  Our report of clinical, radiological and pathological features of five tumour-like MS cases confirms that it is mandatory to consider a demyelinating process in the differential diagnosis of tumour-like brain lesions. Many tumour-like MS cases may have a favourable long term prognosis.

New-onset multiple sclerosis associated with adalimumab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and literature review.
A review of the literature revealed another 15 cases of MS associated with anti-TNF-α treatment, emphasizing the importance of detecting neurological symptoms and discontinuing the anti-TNF-α therapy.

A gender-related action of IFNbeta-therapy was found in multiple sclerosis.
Understanding how sexual dimorphism affects the physiological and pathological responses of the immune system is of considerable clinical importance and could lead to new approaches in therapy. Sexual dimorphism has already been noted as an important factor in autoimmune diseases: the aim of this study was to establish whether sexual dimorphism in autoimmune diseases is the result of differing pathways being involved in the regulation of T-helper (Th) cell network homeostasis. 
The identification of gender-specific drugs is of considerable importance in translational medicine and will undoubtedly lead to more appropriate therapeutic strategies and more successful treatment.

Suicide risk in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of current literature.
Studies have shown that suicidal ideation is often revealed among patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Mental health assessment of physically ill patients should form part of routine clinical evaluation, particularly in chronic illness.  Clinicians should be aware of the fact that suicidality may occur with higher frequency in MS patients, the available data suggest that the risk of self-harm is higher than expected in MS patients.

The development of myelin repair agents for treatment of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder which affects the central nervous system. Multiple sclerosis treatment has traditionally focused on preventing inflammatory damage to the myelin sheath.  Finally, we aim to highlight the challenges in the identification and development of such therapeutics.

OTC Meds May Prevent Marijuana-Induced Memory Problems
"Our results suggest that the unwanted side effects of cannabis could be eliminated or reduced, while retaining its beneficial effects, by administering a COX-2 inhibitor along with THC for the treatment of intractable medical conditions," Dr. Chen summarized.

Autoimmune T-Cell Reactivity to Myelin Proteolipids and Glycolipids in Multiple Sclerosis.
this review considers the question of what would be required to prove a definite role for autoreactivity against proteolipids and glycolipids in the pathogenesis of MS.

Increased B cell and cytotoxic NK cell proportions and increased T cell responsiveness in blood of natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients.
Changes in the blood lymphocyte composition probably both mediate and reflect the effects of natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis, with implications for treatment benefits and risks. 
Our data confirms that natalizumab treatment increases the number of lymphocytes in blood, likely mirroring the expression of VLA-4 being highest on NK and B cells. This finding supports reduction of lymphocyte extravasation as a main mode of action, although the differential effects on subpopulation composition suggests that cell-signalling may also be affected. The systemic increase in T cell responsiveness reflects the increase in numbers, and while augmenting anti-infectious responses systemically, localized responses may become correspondingly decreased.

Emotional Change-Associated T Cell Mobilization at the Early Stage of a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.
The validation of these findings in the clinic might help to better understand the cause of the emotional and psychological burden of patients suffering MS or other autoimmune diseases. Most importantly our study suggests novel therapeutic venues for the treatment of the emotional changes associated with autoimmunity.

Erythrocyte membrane Fatty acids in multiple sclerosis patients and hot-nature dietary intervention with co-supplemented hemp-seed and evening-primrose oils.
We concluded that Hot-nature dietary intervention with co-supplemented hemp seed and evening primrose oils caused an increase PUFAs in MS patients and improvement in the erythrocyte membrane fatty acids composition. This could be an indication of restored plasma stores, and a reflection of disease severity reduction.

Mass lesions in the brain: tumor or multiple sclerosis? Clinical and imaging characteristics and course from a single reference center.
Although MRI, CSF and pathologic examination help in differential diagnosis of the mass lesions, close follow-up is still crucial for the definite diagnosis. A higher MS conversion rate was found in patients with a younger TDL onset age.

Application of the 2012 revised diagnostic definitions for paediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelination disorders.
Recently, the International Paediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (IPMSSG) definitions for the diagnosis of immune-mediated acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) of the central nervous system, including paediatric multiple sclerosis (MS), have been revised.  MS diagnosis can be made reliable and early using the 2012 IPMSSG consensus definitions. This is beneficial for adequate counselling of children and their families and for early treatment possibilities.

Analysis of CYP27B1 in multiple sclerosis.
he analysis of genetic variability in CYP27B1 and its effect on risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) has yielded conflicting results. Here we describe a study to genetically characterize CYP27B1 and elucidate its role on MS risk in the Canadian population. Sequencing CYP27B1 failed to identify mutations known to cause loss of enzymatic activity, however genotyping of p.R389H in cases and controls identified the mutation in one multi-incident family (allele frequency=0.03%) in which the p.R389H mutation segregates with disease in five family members diagnosed with MS, thus providing additional support for CYP27B1 p.R389H in the pathogenicity of MS.

Daclizumab, an IL-2 modulating antibody for treatment of multiple sclerosis.
In recently completed randomized trials in RRMS, treatment with daclizumab monotherapy compared with placebo resulted in clinically meaningful and statistically significant reductions in relapses, active lesions on brain MRI and slowing of disability progression. A large Phase III trial in RRMS is ongoing.

Abnormal nerve conduction study findings indicating the existence of peripheral neuropathy in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica.

Synaptic Plasticity and PDGF Signaling Defects Underlie Clinical Progression in Multiple Sclerosis.

Association between multiple sclerosis and epilepsy: large population-based record-linkage studies.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and epilepsy are both fairly common and it follows that they may sometimes occur together in the same people by chance. We sought to determine whether hospitalisation for MS and hospitalisation for epilepsy occur together more often than expected by chance alone.  MS and epilepsy occur together more commonly than by chance. One possible explanation is that an MS lesion acts as a focus of an epileptic seizure; but other possibilities are discussed. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of epilepsy in people with MS. The findings may also suggest clues for researchers in developing hypotheses about underlying mechanisms for the two conditions.

Advances in the management of multiple sclerosis spasticity: multiple sclerosis spasticity guidelines.

Present and future of fMRI in multiple sclerosis.
As shown in brain studies, these investigations have detected increased recruitment in MS patients compared with healthy controls. At present, fMRI is a useful research tool, and reliable analysis and display methods have been developed. Future perspectives include development of fMRI paradigms for patients with MS-related disability and application of this technique in longitudinal studies to define the temporal evolution of functional cortical changes in different MS phenotypes as well as the effects of various therapeutic approaches on central nervous system plasticity.

Decoding multiple sclerosis: an update on genomics and future directions.
Ongoing efforts to fully characterize the repertoire of genes that predispose to MS and modulate its presentation is discussed. Functional characterization of even a moderate genetic effect on MS pathogenesis by a known gene or group of genes can assist in elucidating fundamental mechanisms of disease expression and yield important therapeutic opportunities. 


[Brain metabolism in multiple sclerosis: effects of neurotrophic therapy.]

[Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis with pediatric onset: the experience of the Moscow Division for treatment of children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis.]

[Pregnancy and delivery in women with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis.]
Patients who did not receive DMD had more relapses to the 3rd and 6th months after delivery. In conclusion, the use of DMD before the pregnancy is an important factor for prevention of relapses during pregnancy and after delivery.

Guideline for the diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis in children.
The International Paediatric MS Study Group (IPMSSG) was formulated to clarify the diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas in this population. This guideline was adapted from the International Paediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group guideline and endorsed by PANDA, South Africa.

Depression as a predictor of occupational transition in a multiple sclerosis cohort.
Adjustments for ambulation status, physical and mental quality of life composite scores and fatigue impact attenuated or eliminated the association. While depression commonly occurs around the time of occupational transitions in MS, it does not appear to be an independent or direct cause of such transitions.

Extremely low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields and multiple sclerosis: effects on neurotransmission alone or also on immunomodulation? Building a working hypothesis.

Effects of Multiple Sclerosis on Female Sexuality: A Controlled Study.
Sexual functions are negatively affected in MS women. Sexual functions in MS women seem to be associated with enhanced disability, pain, duration of the disease, and degree of concomitant depression. Therefore, women with MS should also be evaluated in terms of sexual function during routine follow-ups. Gumus H, Akpinar Z, and Yilmaz H. Effects of multiple sclerosis on female sexuality: A controlled study. J Sex Med

MicroRNA Expression Aberration in Chinese Patients with Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.

Comparison of IFN-β inducible gene expression in primary-progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Consequences of perinatal bisphenol A exposure in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
These results demonstrate the effect of BPA on the trajectory of TVID, and illustrate how multiple factors collectively influence autoimmune disease.

Clinically meaningful performance benchmarks in MS: Timed 25-Foot Walk and the real world.
Identify and validate clinically meaningful Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW) performance benchmarks in individuals living with multiple sclerosis (MS).  Using a cross-sectional design, we identified 2 clinically meaningful T25FW benchmarks of ≥6 seconds (6-7.99) and ≥8 seconds. Longitudinal and larger studies are needed to confirm the clinical utility and relevance of these proposed T25FW benchmarks and to parse out whether there are additional benchmarks in the lower (<6 seconds) and higher (>10 seconds) ranges of performance.

Effects of exercise on fitness and cognition in progressive MS: a randomized, controlled pilot trial.
To investigate the potential of standardized exercise as a therapeutic intervention for progressive MS, in a randomized-controlled pilot trial.  This study indicated that aerobic training is feasible and could be beneficial for patients with progressive MS. Larger exercise studies are needed to confirm the effect on cognition.

Central auditory processing and word discrimination in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Results of the present study showed that patients with MS had defect in aspects of central auditory processing consisting of temporal resolution, auditory pattern and the memory for auditory task and difficulty in discrimination of speech in noisy environment that are related to the involvement of central nervous system.

Early pathological alterations of lower lumbar cords detected by ultrahigh-field MRI in a mouse multiple sclerosis model.
These results suggest that inflammation-mediated alterations in the lower lumbar cord change the homeostasis of the spinal cord and demonstrate that ultrahigh-field MRI enables the detection of previously invisible pathological alterations in EAE.

Automated extraction of clinical traits of multiple sclerosis in electronic medical records.
The clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is highly variable, and research data collection is costly and time consuming. We evaluated natural language processing techniques applied to electronic medical records (EMR) to identify MS patients and the key clinical traits of their disease course.  This collection of clinical data represents one of the largest databases of detailed, clinical traits available for research on MS. This work demonstrates that detailed clinical information is recorded in the EMR and can be extracted for research purposes with high reliability.


Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis

Cortical disease has emerged as a critical aspect of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, being associated with disease progression and cognitive impairment. Most studies of cortical lesions have focused on autopsy findings in patients with long-standing, chronic, progressive multiple sclerosis, and the noninflammatory nature of these lesions has been emphasized. Magnetic resonance imaging studies indicate that cortical damage occurs early in the disease. 


Macular oedema typically results from blood–retinal barrier disruption. It has recently been reported that patients with multiple sclerosis treated with FTY-720 (fingolimod) may exhibit macular oedema. Multiple sclerosis is not otherwise thought to be associated with macular oedema except in the context of comorbid clinical uveitis. Despite a lack of myelin, the retina is a site of inflammation and microglial activation in multiple sclerosis and demonstrates significant neuronal and axonal loss.  


Many promising MRI approaches for research or clinical management of multiple sclerosis (MS) have recently emerged, or are under development or refinement. Advanced MRI methods need to be assessed to determine whether they allow earlier diagnosis or better identification of phenotypes. Improved post-processing should allow more efficient and complete extraction of information from images.


Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of lesions in the brain may be the best current candidate for a surrogate biological marker of clinical outcomes in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), based on its role as an objective indicator of disease pathology. No biological surrogate marker has yet been validated for MS clinical outcomes.  Confidence intervals for correlations between CELs and MS relapses exclude the possibility that CELs can be a good surrogate for relapses over the time scales we investigated. Further exploration of surrogacy between MRI measures and MS clinical outcomes may require improved datasets, the development of MRI techniques that couple better to clinical disease, and the ability to test a wide range of imaging- and clinically-based hypotheses for surrogacy.

Increasingly, evidence-based health information, in particular evidence from systematic reviews, is being made available to lay audiences, in addition to health professionals. Research efforts have focused on different formats for the lay presentation of health information. However, there is a paucity of data on how patients integrate evidence-based health information with other factors such as their preferences for information and experiences with information-seeking. The aim of this project is to explore how people with multiple sclerosis (MS) integrate health information with their needs, experiences, preferences and values and how these factors can be incorporated into an online resource of evidence-based health information provision for people with MS and their families.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the CNS for which only partially effective therapies exist. Intense research defining the underlying immune pathophysiology is advancing both the understanding of MS as well as revealing potential targets for disease intervention. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy has the potential to modulate aberrant immune responses causing demyelination and axonal injury associated with MS, as well as to repair and restore damaged CNS tissue and cells.

White matter (WM) and grey matter (GM) brain damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) is widespread, but the extent of cerebellar involvement and impact on disability needs to be clarified.  These findings indicate reduced fibre coherence in the main cerebellar connections, and link damage in the whole cerebellar WM, and, in particular, in the superior cerebellar peduncle, to motor deficit in PPMS.

Despite significant progress in the development of therapies for relapsing MS, progressive MS remains comparatively disappointing. Our objective, in this paper, is to review the current challenges in developing therapies for progressive MS and identify key priority areas for research. A collaborative was convened by volunteer and staff leaders from several MS societies with the mission to expedite the development of effective disease-modifying and symptom management therapies for progressive forms of multiple sclerosis.  

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a simple, high-resolution technique to quantify the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), which provides an indirect measurement of axonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to evaluate RNFL thickness in patients at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) suggestive of MS.

Susac syndrome, a rare but probably underdiagnosed combination of encephalopathy, hearing loss, and visual deficits due to branch retinal artery occlusion of unknown aetiology has to be considered as differential diagnosis in various conditions. Particularly, differentiation from multiple sclerosis is often challenging since both clinical presentation and diagnostic findings may overlap. Optical coherence tomography is a powerful and easy to perform diagnostic tool to analyse the morphological integrity of retinal structures and is increasingly established to depict characteristic patterns of retinal pathology in multiple sclerosis. Against this background we hypothesised that differential patterns of retinal pathology facilitate a reliable differentiation between Susac syndrome and multiple sclerosis.



A Transdermal Myeloid Peptide Patch to Treat MS
Although antigen-specific autoimmunity is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, all currently available therapies reduce global immune function without targeting the specific antigens involved. The goal of this 1-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled cohort study was to examine the efficacy and safety of transdermally applied myelin peptides as antigen-specific therapy in multiple sclerosis.

Sjögren Syndrome: An A-to-Z Update
A steady growth in the number of abstracts and sessions devoted to Sjögren syndrome is apparent over the past decade of ACR meetings. It is encouraging that many pharmaceutical companies are now expressing interest in Sjögren syndrome as a therapeutic target. The dearth of effective therapies for systemic manifestations of Sjögren syndrome contrasts with the large number of therapies for rheumatoid arthritis and studies for psoriatic arthritis. Multiple sclerosis and fibromyalgia have also benefited from recently approved therapies.

Synaptic plasticity in multiple sclerosis and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Approximately half of all patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience cognitive dysfunction, including learning and memory impairment. Recent studies suggest that hippocampal pathology is involved, although the mechanisms underlying these deficits remain poorly understood. Evidence obtained from a mouse model of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggests that in the hippocampus of EAE mice long-term potentiation (LTP) is favoured over long-term depression in response to repetitive synaptic activation, through a mechanism dependent on enhanced IL-1β released from infiltrating lymphocytes or activated microglia.

The risk of Bipolar Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis.
The aim was to determine the risk of Mood Disorders (MD), particularly Bipolar Disorders (BD), in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) using standardized psychiatric diagnostic tools.  This study was the first to show an association between BD and MS using standardized diagnostic tools and a case-control design. The results suggest a risk of under-diagnosis of BD (particularly type II) in MS and caution in prescribing ADs to people with depressive episodes in MS without prior excluding BD. The association between auto-immune degenerative diseases (like MS) and BD may be an interesting field for the study of the pathogenic hypothesis.

A Meta-analysis of the relation between chemokine receptor 5 delta32 polymorphism and multiple sclerosis susceptibility.
he aim of this study was to determine whether the functional chemokine receptor 5 delta32 (CCR5-Δ32) polymorphism is associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility. 

Long-term effects of dalfampridine in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Dalfampridine is the extended-release formulation of 4-aminopyridine and is approved for the symptomatic treatment of impaired mobility in patients with multiple sclerosis. Our aim was to examine the short- and long-term effects of treatment with dalfampridine on motoric and cognitive assessment parameters of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients over 9-12months.  Dalfampridine shows positive short- and long-term effects on motoric and cognitive assessment parameters in an open-label observational study in a cohort of patients with MS.


Oxidative modification of blood serum proteins in multiple sclerosis after interferon or mitoxantrone treatment.
his study was aimed at (i) comparison of the usefulness of serum protein oxidation parameters for assessment of oxidative stress (OS) in multiple sclerosis (MS), and (ii) comparison of OS in MS patients subject to various therapies. Elevated glycophore level was noted in relapsing-remitting (RRMS) patients without treatment and patients treated with interferons β1a and β1b (10.33±3.27, 8.02±2.22 and 8.56±2.45 vs control 5.27±0.73 fluorescence units (FU)/mg protein).

Cross-sectional area variations of internal jugular veins during supine head rotation in multiple sclerosis patients with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: a prospective diagnostic controlled study with duplex ultrasound investigation.
Normally, chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been studied using echo-colour Doppler (ECD). Subjects are examined in the supine and sitting positions, in accordance with a static protocol without rotation of the head. A dynamic approach, to assess venous sizes with different degrees of head rotation, has only been performed to improve jugular venous catheterisation. These echographic studies have suggested that head rotation to the contralateral side increases the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the internal jugular veins (IJVs) in supine subjects. Our goal was to evaluate the behaviour of CSA of the IJVs during supine head rotation in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with CCSVI, compared to healthy controls (HCs).  A dynamic ECD approach allowed us to detect IJVs with a significant increase in their CSAs during head rotation, but only in MS subjects. This feature, most likely the expression of congenital wall miopragia, could be secondary to dysregulation of collagen synthesis, but further histochemical studies will be needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Assessment of upper limb motor function in patients with multiple sclerosis using the Virtual Peg Insertion Test: A pilot study.
Quantifying and tracking upper limb impairment is of key importance to the understanding of disease progress, establishing patient-tailored therapy protocols and for optimal care provision. This paper presents the results of a pilot study on the assessment of upper limb motor function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with the Virtual Peg Insertion Test (VPIT). The test consists in a goal-directed reaching task using a commercial haptic display combined with an instrumented handle and virtual environment, and allows for the extraction of objective kinematic and dynamic parameters.

A telerehabilitation program improves postural control in multiple sclerosis patients: a spanish preliminary study.
ostural control disorders are among the most frequent motor disorder symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis. This study aims to demonstrate the potential improvements in postural control among patients with multiple sclerosis who complete a telerehabilitation program that represents a feasible alternative to physical therapy for situations in which conventional treatment is not available.

Novel Immunomodulatory Approaches for the Management of Multiple Sclerosis.
We provide a focused review of novel immunomodulatory approaches for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, the most common acquired inflammatory demyelinating disease of humans. The requirement for such a review was stimulated by the emerging application of novel oral medications and the need for the practicing physician to place these within the treatment paradigm.

A nine-year population-based cohort study on the risk of multiple sclerosis in patients with optic neuritis.
Patients with optic neuritis (ON) are at an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS), an illness that may result in physical dysfunction and short life expectancy. Information on the conversion rate to MS of patients with ON is essential in determining the impact of ON on the incidence of MS. Previous Taiwanese studies on the risk of MS in patients with ON were all hospital based, thereby limiting the generalizability of the findings.

Mood and coping in clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis.
Few studies have examined behavioural changes in the early phase of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the study is to investigate mood alterations and to explore coping strategies regarding patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS).  This study highlights transient mood alterations and an improving of adaptive coping over a period of time in patients with CIS and RRMS. Similar emotional reactions and coping in clinical subgroups suggest that these factors are independent from the type of information provided during the communication of the diagnosis.

Improvement of driving skills in persons with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: a pilot study.
To determine the potential to improve driving-related skills using a simulator-based program in persons with Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS).  This pilot study demonstrates the potential of using a simulator to improve driving-related visual, cognitive, and on-road skills in individuals with RRMS, particularly those with EDSS > 3. Future randomized controlled trials with adequate power are needed to expand this field of study.

Group specific vein-atlasing: An application for analyzing the venous system under normal and multiple sclerosis conditions.
To create a group-specific vein-atlas based on healthy control subjects to visualize the average venous system under normal conditions and to compare the venous volume portion in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions with that atlas.  The developed vein-atlas shows the average venous system of a specific population and allows, therefore, the evaluation of the venous system of individual subjects.

The association of alcohol consumption and smoking with quality of life, disability and disease activity in an international sample of people with multiple sclerosis.
Modifiable lifestyle factors represent important targets for preventive intervention in multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed to explore the association of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with major MS morbidity outcomes.  This cross-sectional study supports previous research showing a link between morbidity indicators in MS and alcohol use and smoking. While people with MS should be advised of the potential risks of smoking, any risks and benefits of alcohol consumption require validation using a prospective cohort of people with MS.

Burden of disease in multiple sclerosis patients with spasticity in Germany: mobility improvement study (Move I).
To describe the current management patterns of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with spasticity in Germany and the impact of MS spasticity on quality of life (QoL) and associated costs. 
MS patients with spasticity suffer a significant burden because of resulting disabilities and reduced QoL, especially in cases of severe spasticity. Moreover, spasticity causes high costs that increase with increasing severity.

Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Current Concepts and Consensus Definitions.

Risk evaluation and monitoring in multiple sclerosis therapeutics.
Risk for multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapies (DMT) must be assessed on an ongoing basis. Early concerns regarding the first-approved DMTs for MS have been mitigated, but recently licensed therapies have been linked to possibly greater risks.  It is difficult to produce a general risk-assessment algorithm for all MS therapies. Specific algorithms are required for each DMT in every treated-patient population. New and evolving risks must be evaluated and communicated rapidly to allow patients and physicians to be well informed and able to share treatment decisions.

Five-year results from a phase 2 study of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis.
We present here results at 60 months (M), from the extension component of a phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, six-month study evaluating oral fingolimod (1.25 mg or 5 mg daily) in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Placebo patients from the core study were re-randomized to fingolimod 1.25 mg or 5 mg in the extension. All patients received 1.25 mg fingolimod after the M24 visit. A total of 140/281 (49.8%) patients completed M60. Fingolimod treatment was associated with a low annualized relapse rate (0.2 relapses/ year), low MRI activity, and a modest rate of disability progression in those treated for five years. No new safety issues were reported.

Immunology for understanding the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

The coexistence of well- and ill-being in persons with multiple sclerosis, their caregivers and health professionals.
Studies on emotional distress and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) broadened the traditional bio-medical focus in MS research, but little attention was paid to general well-being indicators. 
Well-being coexists with ill-being. It can counterbalance the negative effects of disease or caregiving, and its measurement could complement and support medical intervention.

[Autonomic nervous system alteration in multiple sclerosis patients with urinary symptoms. Clinical, urodynamic and cardiovascular study].
To assess symptoms related to autonomic nervous system alteration in a population of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) and presenting with urinary symptoms.  In this series, the prevalence of dysautonomia was high in patients suffering from MS and presenting with urinary disorders.

Fine-Mapping the Genetic Association of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Multiple Sclerosis: HLA and Non-HLA Effects.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region is strongly associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility. HLA-DRB1*15:01 has the strongest effect, and several other alleles have been reported at different levels of validation. Using SNP data from genome-wide studies, we imputed and tested classical alleles and amino acid polymorphisms in 8 classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes in 5,091 cases and 9,595 controls.

The reliability and validity study of the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis.
Motor imagery (MI) has been recently considered as an adjunct to physical rehabilitation in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is necessary to assess MI abilities and benefits in patients with MS by using a reliable tool. The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ) was recently developed to assess MI ability in patients with stroke and other disabilities. Considering the different underlying pathologies, the present study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the KVIQ in MS patients.  The results of the present study revealed that the KVIQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing MI in MS patients.

Pregnancy and Fetal Outcomes After Glatiramer Acetate Exposure in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Only few studies have assessed safety of in utero exposure to glatiramer acetate (GA). Following a previous study assessing the safety of interferon beta (IFNB) pregnancy exposure in multiple sclerosis (MS), we aimed to assess pregnancy and fetal outcomes after in utero exposure to GA, using the same dataset, with a specific focus on the risk of spontaneous abortion. Data in our cohort show that mother's GA exposure is not associated with a higher frequency of spontaneous abortion, neither other negative pregnancy and fetal outcomes. Our findings point to the safety of in utero GA exposure and can support neurologists in the therapeutic counselling of MS women planning a pregnancy.

Smoking and Two Human Leukocyte Antigen Genes Interact to Increase the Risk for Multiple Sclerosis
Both genetic and environmental factors display low or modest associations with multiple sclerosis. Hypothetically, gene–environment interactions may exert much stronger effects. In this study, we investigated potential interactions between genetic risk factors and smoking in relation to risk of developing multiple sclerosis. A population-based case–control study involving incident cases of multiple sclerosis (843 cases, 1209 controls) was performed in Sweden. Cases and controls were classified according to their smoking status and human leukocyte antigen DRB1 as well as human leukocyte antigen A genotypes.

Treating Multiple Sclerosis With Monoclonal Antibodies

Current Disease-Modifying Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis

Chemotherapeutics in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

The month of birth effect in multiple sclerosis: systematic review, meta-analysis and effect of latitude. 
Month of birth has previously been described as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). This has been hypothesised to be related to maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy, although conclusive evidence to support this is lacking. To date, no large studies of latitudinal variation in the month of birth effect have been performed to advance this hypothesis.  Month of birth has a significant effect on subsequent MS risk. This is likely to be due to ultraviolet light exposure and maternal vitamin D levels, as demonstrated by the relationship between risk and latitude. 

Carnitine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis.
Fatigue is reported to occur in up to 92% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and has been described as the most debilitating of all MS symptoms by 28% to 40% of MS patients.  There is insufficient evidence that carnitine for the treatment of MS-related fatigue offers a therapeutic advantage over placebo or active comparators. Results of the ongoing trial are eagerly anticipated in order to provide clarity.


Treating multiple sclerosis with monoclonal antibodies: a 2013 update.

Objectively quantified physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis.
To investigate levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a large sample of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and controls using accelerometry as a measure of physical activity, and to compare the rates of meeting public health guidelines for MVPA (ie, 30min/d) between persons with MS and controls.  We provide data using an objective physical activity measure and a large sample to indicate that only a small proportion of persons with MS are achieving adequate amounts of daily MVPA.

Management of lower urinary tract dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and Turkish consensus report.
Since lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) related to multiple sclerosis (MS) has a different behavior pattern than other types of neurogenic voiding dysfunction, we aimed to prepare a national consensus report for the management of LUTD due to multiple sclerosis in light of available literature.  Patients with MS and LUTD could be best managed through the use of this consensus report.

Relevance of Spinal Cord Abnormalities to Clinical Disability in Multiple Sclerosis: MR Imaging Findings in a Large Cohort of Patients.
To determine whether spinal cord atrophy differs among disease subtypes in multiple sclerosis (MS) and whether it offers diagnostic and clinical correlative information beyond that provided by other magnetic resonance (MR) imaging markers.Spinal cord abnormalities have a strong effect on clinical disability in MS. MR imaging-derived UCCA was found to be the most significant spinal cord parameter for explaining EDSS score.

New Data on How MS Patients Fare Long-Term

To review patients with tumefactive MS and compare them with those in other studies investigating tumefactive demyelinating lesions and our Taiwanese typical MS patients.  Tumefactive MS is not common in Taiwan. Although the tumefactive demyelinating lesions seem to be terrible initially, their prognosis is relatively more favorable than expected.







Immunology and Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical and Basic Approach.

TNFRSF1A in multiple sclerosis: A tale of soluble receptors and signaling cascades.

Current recommendations for multiple sclerosis treatment in pregnancy and puerperium.

Prevalence and incidence of Multiple Sclerosis in Campobasso (Molise region chieftown, southern Italy). 
Multiple Sclerosis in southern Italy was not epidemiologically studied until 2006 in Salerno (Campania region), with data based on the registry of district MS centers established since 1996 by Italian Ministry of Health. This paper reports data about Molise region by the same metodology as Campanian study.   Prevalence is coherent with previous Campanian data, and with last epidemiologic papers on middle Italy, confirming also the validity of MS district centers registries. A possible underestimation of data, for some patients could still migrate to northern centers, could contribute to the differences in incidence. Nevertheless, prevalence data confirm southern Italy as high risk area for MS, and stands against a latitude gradient in this country.

Adverse events after endovascular treatment of chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in patients with multiple sclerosis.

RebiSmart™ (version 1.5) device for multiple sclerosis treatment delivery and adherence.

First-line disease-modifying drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are mostly administered by injection. Although these treatments can control the symptoms and progression of the disease to some extent, patients often fail to adhere to their therapy in the long term, so may not obtain the maximum clinical benefits. As injection-related problems are common barriers to adherence, autoinjectors have been developed to improve the ease and convenience of self-injection.
The device is the first electronic autoinjector for use in MS and offers several innovative features, including adjustable injection settings and an electronic dosing log, which may improve adherence. The dosing log can be reviewed with the patient, allowing the physician to open a dialogue to discuss possible issues with treatment adherence. The use of multidose cartridges also provides a softer impact on the environment and easier disposal. The hidden needle helps avoid needle phobia and reduces the risk of needle stick injury.

Assess, compare and enhance the status of Persons with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in Europe: a European Register for MS.

Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

High nationwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Sweden.

Drug Class Review: Disease-modifying Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis: Final Update 1 Report [Internet].
We compared the effectiveness and safety of disease-modifying drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®), interferon beta-1a (Avonex®, Rebif®), interferon beta-1b (Betaseron®, Extavia®), mitoxantrone (Novantrone®), and natalizumab (Tysabri®).   There was fair evidence that interferon beta-1a IM (Avonex®) is less effective than interferon beta-1a SC (Rebif®) and interferon beta-1b (Betaseron®) for preventing relapse in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. On other outcomes and in other populations, direct evidence is either lacking or shows few differences in effectiveness or safety among the disease-modifying drugs used to treat multiple sclerosis.

The town of Cabar, Croatia, familiar pseudocluster for multiple sclerosis--descriptive epidemiological study.

Association of UV radiation with multiple sclerosis prevalence and sex ratio in France.
French farmers and their families constitute an informative population to study multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence and related epidemiology. We carried out an ecological study to evaluate the association of MS prevalence and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a candidate climatologic risk factor. 
The findings suggest that regional UVB radiation is predictive of corresponding MS prevalence rates and supports the hypothesis that sunlight exposure influences MS risk. The evidence also supports a potential role for gender-specific effects of UVB exposure.

The polymorphisms of the TNF-α gene in multiple sclerosis?--a meta-analysis.
The association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene (TNF-α) polymorphisms has been analyzed in several studies, but conflicting results have been reported. The main purpose of this study was to integrate previous findings and explore whether the three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; -238G/A, -308G/A, and -376G/A) of TNF-α are associated with susceptibility to MS. A total of 2,639 patients and 3,303 controls from 21 studies, which were identified by searching the ISI Web of Knowledge database and the PubMed database up to December 2009, were collected for this meta-analysis.

All-cause health care utilization and costs associated with newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis in the United States.

A seasonal periodicity in relapses of multiple sclerosis? A single-center, population-based, preliminary study conducted in Bologna, Italy.

Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis With Chinese Scalp Acupuncture.
Chinese scalp acupuncture is a contemporary acupuncture technique with just 40 years of history. It integrates traditional Chinese needling methods with Western medical knowledge of the cerebral cortex and has been proven to be a very effective technique for treating multiple sclerosis (MS) and other central nervous system disorders. A 65-year-old male patient who had had MS for 20 years was treated with Chinese scalp acupuncture. The motor area, sensory area, foot motor and sensory area, balance area, hearing and dizziness area, and tremor area were stimulated once a week for 10 weeks, then once a month for six sessions. After the 16 treatments, the patient showed remarkable improvements. He was able to stand and walk without any problems. The numbness and tingling in his limbs did not bother him anymore. He had more energy and had not experienced incontinence of urine or dizziness after the first treatment. He was able to return to work full time. At this writing, the patient has been in remission for 26 months. This case demonstrates that Chinese scalp acupuncture can be a very effective treatment for patients with MS. Chinese scalp acupuncture holds the potential to expand treatment options for MS in both conventional and complementary or integrative therapies. It can not only relieve symptoms, increase the patient's quality of life, and slow and reverse the progression of physical disability but also reduce the number of relapses and help patients with multiple sclerosis to remain in remission.


Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for fatigue in multiple sclerosis.

Visual search as a tool for a quick and reliable assessment of cognitive functions in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Despite the high frequency of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis, its assessment has not gained entrance into clinical routine yet, due to lack of time-saving and suitable tests for patients with multiple sclerosis.  Visual search is a promising instrument for the assessment of cognitive functions and potentially cognitive changes in patients with multiple sclerosis thanks to its good discriminatory power and insusceptibility to practice effects.

Current and Future Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis.

Decreased circulating miRNA levels in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Characteristics influencing therapy switch behavior after suboptimal response to first-line treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis.
The objective of this paper is to identify patient characteristics and clinical events predictive of therapy switching in patients with suboptimal response to DMT.  Younger patients with disease activity, especially MRI changes, are more likely to have their therapy switched sooner than patients who are older at the time of MS diagnosis and DMT initiation.

Genetic burden of common variants in progressive and bout-onset multiple sclerosis.
The contribution of genetic variants underlying the susceptibility to different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unclear.  Our results suggest that the liability of disease is better captured by common genetic variants in BOMS than PrMS cases. The absence of inflammatory activity and male gender further raise the difference between clinical courses.

Age-Related Vascular Differences Among Patients Suffering from Multiple Sclerosis.

Role of Pathogens in Multiple Sclerosis.

Transplantation of umbilical cord and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Combination of robot-assisted and conventional body-weight-supported treadmill training improves gait in persons with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.
The majority of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience problems with gait, which they characterize as highly disabling impairments that adversely impact their quality of life. Thus, it is crucial to develop effective therapies to improve mobility for these individuals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether combination gait training, using robot-assisted treadmill training followed by conventional body-weight-supported treadmill training within the same session, improved gait and balance in individuals with MS.  Combination of robot with body-weight-supported treadmill training gait training is feasible and improved 6MWT and FRT distances in persons with MS.Video Abstract available (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A62) for more insights from the authors.

Targeting the Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis

Endogenous Retroviruses and Multiple Sclerosis

Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis.

Sodium accumulation is associated with disability and a progressive course in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis presenting initially with a worsening of migraine symptoms
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that targets myelinated axons in the central nervous system. Headache has been reported as a subtle symptom of the onset of MS, with a variable frequency of 1.6–28.5%; however, it remains unclear whether headache is a true symptom of MS onset. Here, we report the case of a female patient who had a history of migraine without aura and experienced worsening of migraine-headache symptoms as the initial manifestation of MS. Three similar cases were reported previously; however, unlike this case, those cases had no history of migraine without aura.

To investigate the presence and the nature of cognitive impairment in a large sample of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and to identify clinical and demographic determinants of cognitive impairment in MS.  Our results corroborate the evidence about the presence and the nature of cognitive impairment in a large sample of patients with MS. Furthermore, our findings identify significant clinical and demographic determinants of cognitive impairment in a large sample of MS patients for the first time. Implications for further research and clinical practice were discussed.



Multiple sclerosis (MS) is universally found to be more prevalent in women than men. This has led to extensive studies of differences in the immune system or nervous system between women and men, which might be caused by the effects of gonadal hormones, genetic differences, and different environmental exposures and modern lifestyle in men and women. We review the effects of sex and gender from a genetic, immunological and clinical point of view. We discuss the effects of sex on the clinical expression of MS and responses to therapy, as well as issues concerning pregnancy.

The study of muscle metabolism by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been poorly implemented in multiple sclerosis (MS). Aims of the study were to compare resting muscle oxygen consumption (rmVO2) at gastrocnemius in MS patients and in age-matched healthy controls (HC) measured using NIRS, and to evaluate its possible relationship with patients’ mobility.




Background. Many people with MS fall, but the best method for identifying those at increased fall risk is not known. Objective. To compare how accurately fall history, questionnaires, and physical tests predict future falls and injurious falls in people with MS. Methods. 52 people with MS were asked if they had fallen in the past 2 months and the past year. Subjects were also assessed with the Activities-specific Balance Confidence, Falls Efficacy Scale-International, and Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 questionnaires, the Expanded Disability Status Scale, Timed 25-Foot Walk, and computerized dynamic posturography and recorded their falls daily for the following 6 months with calendars. The ability of baseline assessments to predict future falls was compared using receiver operator curves and logistic regression. Results. All tests individually provided similar fall prediction (area under the curve (AUC) 0.60–0.75). A fall in the past year was the best predictor of falls (AUC 0.75, sensitivity 0.89, specificity 0.56) or injurious falls (AUC 0.69, sensitivity 0.96, specificity 0.41) in the following 6 months. Conclusion. Simply asking people with MS if they have fallen in the past year predicts future falls and injurious falls as well as more complex, expensive, or time-consuming approaches.




Several studies have demonstrated benefits of rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the neuroscientific foundations for rehabilitation in MS are poorly established.  Mechanisms for short- and long-term plasticity may compensate for impaired functional connectivity in MS to mediate behavioural improvements. Future studies are needed to define the neurobiological substrates of this plasticity and the extent to which mechanisms of plasticity in patients may be distinct from those used for motor learning in controls.


Sexual Dysfunction in Male Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Need for Counseling!
Sexuality and sexual health are significant factors in determining the quality of life (QoL). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most serious causes of neurological disability in young adults, therefore it can considerably reduce sexuality. Physical and cognitive symptoms of MS as well as mental and psycho-social issues can directly affect sexual life and body representation, causing reduced libido and self-esteem. Male patients with MS frequently develop sexual dysfunction (SD) as a result of their neurological impairment: in fact physical, psychological and neuropsychological changes indirectly interfere in the sexual response. Thus, MS physicians' greater concern on SD has led to the enhancement of diagnostic and therapeutic diagnoses on neurogenic SD. Given the increasing number of people coping with MS, a more effective focus on MS-related problems, including SD, is absolutely essential to provide the patients and their partner with the necessary information to achieve a better sexual health and consequently improve their QoL. This review aims to investigate the epidemiology and pathophysiology of SD in male patients, provide an insight into multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and focus on the need of proper counseling.

The relationship between fear of falling to spatiotemporal gait parameters measured by an instrumented treadmill in people with multiple sclerosis.
People with multiple sclerosis (MS) identify mobility limitations as one of the greatest challenges of this disease. Continued loss of mobility and falls are among their greatest concerns for the future. Our objective was to determine if fear of falling is associated with spatial and temporal gait parameters in persons with MS, when measured by an instrumented treadmill.

Targeting the Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis



Down-regulation of Myelin Gene Expression in Human Oligodendrocytes by Nitric Oxide: Implications for Demyelination in Multiple Sclerosis.

Profile of Circulatory Metabolites in a Relapsing-remitting Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis using Global Metabolomics.

The stress-buffering effects of hope on changes in adjustment to caregiving in multiple sclerosis.

Epigenome-wide differences in pathology-free regions of multiple sclerosis-affected brains.
sing the Illumina 450K array and a stringent statistical analysis with age and gender correction, we report genome-wide differences in DNA methylation between pathology-free regions derived from human multiple sclerosis-affected and control brains. Differences were subtle, but widespread and reproducible in an independent validation cohort. 

[Paroxysmal dystonia and multiple sclerosis.]
Movement disorders are uncommon in multiple sclerosis, except for tremor. Patients rarely have paroxysmal dystonia (or tonic spasm), which can be the presenting manifestation of the disease.
Dystonia is an under-recognized aspect of paroxysmal events during multiple sclerosis. It might involve ephaptic transmission among abnormal demyelinated neurons; this ectopic excitation can arise at variable levels of the corticospinal tract, but the analysis of reported cases and those described in this study shows that impairment of the posterior limb of the internal capsule seems to be a prevalent topography. Inflammation is likely to play a role because steroids often improve these phenomena. In this article, we review the clinical aspects, pathophysiology and outcome of paroxysmal dystonia in multiple sclerosis.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from multiple sclerosis patients have distinct gene expression profile and decreased suppressive function compared with healthy counterparts.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, due to immune reaction against myelin proteins. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) present immunosuppressive effects and have been used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In our study, gene expression profile and in vitro immunomodulatory function tests were used to compare bone marrow?derived MSCs obtained from MS patients, at pre? and post?autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT), with those from healthy donors.

[Cognitive deficits and dementia in patients with multiple sclerosis: status quo and open questions].
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic immune-mediated disease which goes along with serious somatic and psychic symptoms. Whereas recent research rather focussed on the neurological symptoms of MS, there is nowadays an increasing interest among researchers in psychological symptoms of the disease.

Frequency analysis approach to study balance control in individuals with multiple sclerosis.
The ability to control balance is often compromised in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and is considered to be a strong contributing factor toward their increased risk of falls.  The observed redistribution of the COP power spectrum when vision is absent indicates that people with MS rely more on the vestibular/somatosensory and proprioceptive systems. The outcome of the study suggests that the COP frequency analysis could be used in identifying the possible sources of balance impairment in people with MS.

Deficits in memory and visuospatial learning correlate with regional hippocampal atrophy in MS.
The hippocampus has a critical role in episodic memory and visuospatial learning and consolidation. We assessed the patterns of whole and regional hippocampal atrophy in a large group of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and their correlations with neuropsychological impairment.

CCL2 induction by 1,25(OH)2D3 in dendritic cells from healthy donors and multiple sclerosis patients.


Stress as Provoking Factor for the First and Repeated Multiple Sclerosis Seizures
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory, autoimmune, disease of the white mass of the brain, which sometimes may involve the gray matter (subcortical and ones in the anterior horns of the spinal cord) with the chronic nature and generally with progressive course. As a possible cause of this disease state are listed genetic predisposition, early viral infections and environmental factors, with special effects of stress as a provoking factor in first episode of the disease and relapses because stress leads to modulation of the immune system and immune response to various causes.  An intensive stressor is certainly one of the triggers for the development of Multiple Sclerosis, as the first episode and worsening of previously established disease.

Study provides first class 1 evidence for cognitive rehabilitation in MS
Although disabling cognitive problems that affect functional performance and employment are common in persons with MS, there are very few evidence-based protocols for cognitive rehabilitation in MS.

New understanding, warning signs, and potential treatments for multiple sclerosis
Scientists are gaining a new level of understanding of multiple sclerosis (MS) that may lead to new treatments and approaches to controlling the chronic disease, according to new research released at Neuroscience 2013, the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience and the world's largest source of emerging news about brain science and health. 

Neuroimaging study sheds light on mechanisms of cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis
A new study by Kessler Foundation scientists sheds light on the mechanisms underlying cognitive fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Cognitive fatigue is fatigue resulting from mental work rather than from physical labor. Genova H et al: Examination of cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis using functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging" was published in PlosOne. This is the first study to use neuroimaging to investigate aspects of cognitive fatigue. The study was funded by grants from the National MS Society and Kessler Foundation. 

Aerobic Exercise Benefits Memory in Persons With MS
A research study headed by Victoria Leavitt, Ph.D. and James Sumowski, Ph.D., of Kessler Foundation, provides the first evidence for beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on brain and memory in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The article, "Aerobic exercise increases hippocampal volume and improves memory in multiple sclerosis: Preliminary findings," was released as an epub ahead of print on October 4 by Neurocase: The Neural Basis of Cognition.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with a prominent genetic component. The primary genetic risk factor is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*1501 allele; however, much of the remaining genetic contribution to MS has not been elucidated. The authors investigated the relation between variation in DNA repair pathway genes and risk of MS. Single-locus association testing, epistatic tests of interactions, logistic regression modeling, and nonparametric Random Forests analyses were performed by using genotypes from 1,343 MS cases and 1,379 healthy controls of European ancestry. A total of 485 single nucleotide polymorphisms within 72 genes related to DNA repair pathways were investigated, including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand breaks repair.  

As brain tumours and their treatment may theoretically have a poorer prognosis in inflammatory central nervous system diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), all-cause mortality following a brain tumour diagnosis was compared between patients with and without MS. The potential role of age at tumour diagnosis was also examined.  Younger age at tumour diagnosis may contribute to mortality reduction in those with high-grade and uncertain-grade brain tumours. Survival following a brain tumour is not worse in patients with MS; even after age at brain tumour diagnosis and grade of malignancy are taken into account.

Fatigue and sleep problems are very commonly observed in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique (PMRT), used as one of the alternative methods in recent years, is reported to have benefits such as facilitating sleep and reducing sensitivity against fatigue. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of PMRT on fatigue and sleep quality in patients with MS.  This study supports the effect of PMRT on fatigue and sleep quality in patients with MS, and it is recommended that further studies be conducted on this subject in the future.

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of intravenous methylprednisolone therapy (IVMP) on the recovery of walking ability in patients experiencing multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses, to compare the responsiveness of walking-based measures, and to estimate the impact of different walking-based measures responsiveness on clinical trials.  All applied walking-based measures showed significant improvement of walking ability 1 month after the IVMP. Responsiveness of various walking-based measures notably differ, thus affecting sample size calculations.

We investigated the association between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and cognitive impairment (CI) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Moreover, we evaluated the association between CCSVI and other frequent self-reported MS symptoms.  Our findings suggest a lack of association between CCSVI and CI in MS patients. Fatigue, depressive, bladder/sexual symptoms and self-reported quality of life are not associated with CCSVI.

The efficacy of mitoxantrone induction therapy in rapidly worsening multiple sclerosis (MS) is well established. Plasma exchange is also applied as an adjuvant in exacerbations of relapsing MS. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of combination therapy with mitoxantrone and plasma exchange versus mitoxantrone alone in patients with aggressive MS.  Administration of mitoxantrone as an induction therapy in patients of aggressive relapsing remitting MS results in significant improvement of their clinical state and MRI activity. However, combination of plasma exchange with mitoxantrone gives no more benefits than mitoxantrone alone and sometimes worsens the situation possibly by reduction of mitoxantrone efficacy as a result of plasma exchange.





A passive exoskeleton can push your life up: application on multiple sclerosis patients.
n the present study, we report the benefits of a passive and fully articulated exoskeleton on multiple sclerosis patients by means of behavioral and electrophysiological measures, paying particular attention to the prefrontal cortex activity.

Pupillary response to sparse multifocal stimuli in multiple sclerosis patients.
The objective of this paper is to investigate the pattern of abnormalities and establish the diagnostic power of multifocal objective pupil perimetry (mfPOP) in multiple sclerosis (MS).
mfPOP is well tolerated and potentially has a role in the diagnosis and assessment of patients with MS.

Long-term effects of whole body cryostimulation on uric acid concentration in plasma of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients.
Uric acid (UA) has been suggested to be a marker of multiple sclerosis (MS) activity. Whole body cryostimulation (WBCT) is a new form of additional treatment and becoming popular in medicine. Objectives. The aims of this study were to determine the long-term effects of WBCT on the level of plasma UA in selected group of MS patients only with secondary progressive (SPMS) clinical form and verify results with functional state of patients assessed by expanded disability status scale (EDSS).

An RCT to treat learning impairment in multiple sclerosis: The MEMREHAB trial.
To examine the efficacy of the modified Story Memory Technique (mSMT), a 10-session behavioral intervention teaching context and imagery to facilitate learning, to improve learning and memory abilities in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).  The mSMT is effective for improving learning and memory in MS.

Body Mass Index in Multiple Sclerosis: Associations with CSF Neurotransmitter Metabolite Levels.
Body weight and height of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) or clinically isolated syndrome suggesting MS (CIS) in the age range 18 to 60 years (154 males and 315 females) were compared with those of subjects (146 males and 212 females) free of any major neurological disease. In drug-free patients, CSF levels of the metabolites of noradrenaline (MHPG), serotonin (5-HIAA), and dopamine (HVA), neurotransmitters involved in eating behavior, were estimated in searching for associations with body mass index (BMI). 


Treatment of pediatric multiple sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) in children and adolescents has received increased attention during the past decade. Although not tested in randomized placebo-controlled trials, first-line disease-modifying therapies are widely used in patients with MS who are younger than 18 years. 

Accuracy of Postcontrast 3D Turbo Spin Echo MR Sequence for the Detection of Enhanced Inflammatory Lesions in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

MicroRNA Profiling May Provide Biomarkers for Monitoring MS

Shorter Washout Reduces MS Relapse Switching Off Natalizumab

Sodium May Make MS Worse
OPENHAGEN, Denmark — A study for the first time links higher sodium intake with increased clinical and radiologic disease activity in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).
A high-sodium diet has recently been shown to worsen disease in the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. "Our study adds some evidence that this effect might be also present in humans as individuals that consume high amounts of sodium have a higher number of lesions on MRI and also more clinical bouts," Mauricio Farez, MD, from the Institute for Neurological Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina, told Medscape Medical News.

 Cholesterol Transport Protein Implicated in MS

Don't Freeze Medicare Rates, Docs Tell Congress

Doctors Complain They Will Be Paid Less by Exchange Plans

Cognitive Therapy, Meds Equal in Curbing Depression Relapse

EU patent call sets stage for Tecfidera launch in Europe 

Omega-3 Fatty Acids of No Benefit in Multiple Sclerosis
The finding, from the 4-year Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis (OFAMS) trial, goes against those of preliminary studies that suggested omega-3 supplementation would have a protective effect in MS, lead author Øivind Torkildsen, MD, PhD, from Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, told Medscape Medical News.

Masitinib Treatment in Patients With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Immunotherapy in Multiple Sclerosis

Influence of multiple sclerosis, age and degree of disability, in the position of the contrast sensitivity curve peak.

A polymorphism in the resistin gene promoter and the risk of multiple sclerosis.

The Evaluation of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Multiple Sclerosis with Special-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

Y-39983, a Selective Rho-Kinase Inhibitor, Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis via Inhibition of Demyelination.

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in multiple sclerosis pathology.

Discovery of peptoid ligands for anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies.

A pragmatic parallel arm multi-centre randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a group-based fatigue management programme (FACETS) for people with multiple sclerosis 

Immune competence after alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis

Retinal periphlebitis is associated with multiple sclerosis severity

Cytomegalovirus seropositivity is negatively associated with multiple sclerosis

Endogenous Retroviruses and Multiple Sclerosis

Interdependence and Contributions of Sun Exposure and Vitamin D to MRI Measures in Multiple Sclerosis

Exercise and Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis
It has been suggested that exercise (or physical activity) might have the potential to have an impact on multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology and thereby slow down the disease process in MS patients. The objective of this literature review was to identify the literature linking physical exercise (or activity) and MS disease progression.

Revisiting Statins in Multiple Sclerosis

A Role in Monitoring Multiple Sclerosis?

Possible Immune Target Identified in Multiple Sclerosis
t is assumed that in MS, the immune system recognizes proteins of the myelin sheath as antigenic, setting in motion an inflammatory reaction resulting in demyelination of the axons, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and the formation of lesions. However, the exact target of the immune response involved in MS has continually eluded researchers.

Smoking: Effects on Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility and Disease Progression
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with both genetic and environmental factors that influence disease susceptibility. Exposure to cigarette smoke is emerging as a viable environmental risk factor for MS that contributes to both increased disease susceptibility and more rapid disease advancement. The relative risk for MS development is approximately 1.5 for smokers compared with nonsmokers. Furthermore, there may be important interactions between smoking, an individual's genetic background, and other environmental risk exposures. This review summarizes the current evidence supporting the association of smoking with MS risk and disease course, with additional comments on causation.

Behavioral Interventions in Multiple Sclerosis
Managing uncertainty is a major challenge associated with the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition to physical symptoms, neuropsychiatric symptoms are highly prevalent in this disease. Depression in particular is more common in MS than in other chronic diseases. While substantial achievements have been made in the therapy of MS and an increasing number of immunomodulatory treatments are now available, the long-term benefits of these are still a matter of debate. Importantly, while the approved therapies show good efficacy on inflammatory lesions and relapse rate, and may slow certain aspects of disease progression, improvements in function have rarely been reported.

Neurogenesis In The Chronic Lesions Of Multiple Sclerosis
Subcortical white matter in the adult human brain contains a population of interneurons that helps regulate cerebral blood flow. We investigated the fate of these neurons following subcortical white matter demyelination. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine neurons in normal-appearing subcortical white matter and seven acute and 59 chronic demyelinated lesions in brains from nine patients with multiple sclerosis and four controls.

Women With Multiple Sclerosis Have High Rate of Migraine




Multiple Sclerosis Cases Hit 2.3 Million Worldwide

Multiple Sclerosis: Autoimmune or Neurodegenerative?

Therapeutic Decision Making in a New Drug Era in Multiple Sclerosis

Cortical Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis

Studies Show Promise for Angioplasty in Multiple Sclerosis

Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Immunotherapy in Multiple Sclerosis
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized APCs implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases.

Jacobian integration method increases the statistical power to measure gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis.

Brain atrophy: an in-vivo measure of disease activity in multiple sclerosis.

Exercise therapy and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable disease, and despite current pharmacologic treatment being effective in reducing relapse rates and lesion burden, there is little evidence that these treatments work as effectively in preventing disability progression. In such cases, non-pharmacologic techniques such as exercise therapy with rehabilitation purposes may play an important role.

Using magnetic resonance imaging in animal models to guide drug development in multiple sclerosis.
Major advances are taking place in the development of therapeutics for multiple sclerosis (MS), with a move past traditional immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive therapies toward medications aimed at promoting remyelination or neuroprotection. With an increase in diversity of MS therapies comes the need to assess the effectiveness of such therapies.

Cortical plasticity predicts recovery from relapse in multiple sclerosis.
Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is characterized by the occurrence of clinical relapses, followed by remitting phases of a neurological deficit. Clinical remission after a relapse can be complete, with a return to baseline function that was present before, but is sometimes only partial or absent. Remyelination and repair of the neuronal damage do contribute to recovery, but they are usually incomplete.  Synaptic plasticity may contribute to symptom recovery after a relapse in MS; and PAS, measured during a relapse, may be used as a predictor of recovery.

Disclosure of diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in the workplace positively affects employment status and job tenure.
For many employees with multiple sclerosis (MS), disclosure of their diagnosis at work is seen as a high-risk strategy that might lead to diminished perceptions of their capabilities by supervisors and colleagues, if not outright discrimination. The consequence of this mistrust surrounding the disclosure process is that employees with MS may leave it until too late to effectively manage symptoms at work.  This study provides the first empirical support for the positive role of disclosure in maintaining employment status, measured both as job retention and tenure in current employment.

Extending technology-aided leisure and communication programs to persons with spinal cord injury and post-coma multiple disabilities.

Clinical and demographic factors affecting disease severity in patients with multiple sclerosis.
The clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS) evolves over many years. Its prognosis is highly variable among affected individuals, i.e. while some suffer from early severe disabilities, others remain ambulatory and functional for many years. We used Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) and the new classification for MS severity Herbert et al. introduced in 2006 according to MSSS, to investigate some clinical and demographic factors as potential indicators of disease severity in in MS.  Early prediction of disease severity by demographic and clinical features is currently impossible. We need to determine stronger predictors, possibly a combination of demographic, clinical, biomarkers, and imaging findings.

Magnetic Resonance Monitoring of Lesion Evolution in Multiple Sclerosis
Disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) is strongly linked to the formation of new lesions, which involves a complex sequence of inflammatory, degenerative, and reparative processes. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, such as T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted sequences, are highly sensitive in demonstrating the spatial and temporal dissemination of demyelinating plaques in the brain and spinal cord. Hence, these techniques can provide quantitative assessment of disease activity in patients with MS, and they are commonly used in monitoring treatment efficacy in clinical trials and in individual cases. However, the correlation between conventional MRI measures of disease activity and the clinical manifestations of the disease, particularly irreversible disability, is weak.

Employment and multiple sclerosis in new zealand.

A preliminary path analysis: Effect of psychopathological symptoms, mental and physical dysfunctions related to quality of life and body mass index on fatigue severity of Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease with fatigue as most prevalent symptom. Psychopathological symptoms, physical and mental dysfunctions and body mass abnormalities potentially could deteriorate fatigue. Thus, in this study, we aimed at evaluating the effect of these factors on fatigue severity of MS patients.  Present study made the role of psychopathological symptoms and physical and mental dysfunctions prominent in exacerbation of fatigue severity. Moreover, we can refer to more sensible effect of physical dysfunction related to life on fatigue.


Growth Hormone and Disease Severity in Early Stage of Multiple Sclerosis.

The Fluctuating Natural Course of CCSVI in MS Patients and Controls, a Prospective Follow-Up.
OBJECTIVES: A new treatable venous disorder, chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), has been proposed in patients with multiple sclerosis. The natural course of CCSVI has not been examined yet. This is crucial given the fact that surgical procedures are increasingly offered to MS patients to treat venous stenosis.
CONCLUSIONS: ECD examination shows a fluctuating natural course of the extracranial venous haemodynamics, which makes determination of CCSVI by ECD examination unreliable.


Evolutive Study of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis with Cervical Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. A Case Report.

Spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis - clinical characteristics, treatment and quality of life.
Aims: To gain real-life data on demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, treatment satisfaction and quality-of-life of multiple sclerosis-related spasticity (MSS) in Germany.
Conclusions: Spasticity and its symptoms impair personal well-being and quality-of-life. Treatment of spasticity with drugs and physiotherapy is common, but satisfaction with the currently available anti-spastic pharmacotherapy is low.

The molecular study of IFNβ pleiotropic roles in MS treatment.
MS) is one of the most important autoimmune diseases recognized by demyelination and axonal lesion. It is the most common cause of disability in the young population. Various immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies, including different formulations of interferon beta (IFNβ), glatiramer acetate (GA), mitoxantrone, and natalizumab are available for this disease. However, interferon has been the best prescribed.

Dietary pattern and risk of multiple sclerosis.
It has been suggested that nutrition might play a role in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, dietary patterns associated with MS risk are unknown. This study was conducted to compare the dietary patterns of patients with MS and healthy controls to find the relationship between dietary patterns and MS.  Our findings showed that the risk of RRMS can be affected by major dietary patterns.

Optical coherence tomography versus visual evoked potential in multiple sclerosis patients.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive instrument, which can be used to estimate the thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and provides an indirect measurement of axonal destruction in multiple sclerosis (MS). The main aim of this study was to find out any correlations between P100 latency in visual evoked potential (VEP) and RNFL thickness. 
OCT does have good correlations with P100 latency, indicating retinal non-myelinated axonal involvement in early stages in addition to the myelinated axonal involvement. However, it cannot be used as the sole test in evaluating visual pathway in optic neuritis and complementary tests as VEPs are recommended.

Reversible therapy-related dysplastic hematopoiesis following Beta Interferon Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Report of 2 Cases.
Interferon beta-la and -1b have been increasingly used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). The most frequent systemic adverse effects are flu-like symptoms. Laboratory abnormalities include asymptomatic leukopenia and elevated hepatic transaminases. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) refers to a spectrum of hematological disorders which can occur in different situations. Several hematological abnormalities have been reported following interferon therapy.  Both of our cases were reversible; although treatment with IFNβ-1a and-1b is safe and well tolerated in the majority of population, we should be careful about this premalignant hematological disorder.

Effect of honey bee venom on lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, a model for multiple sclerosis.
(MS) is a progressive and autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This disease is recognized through symptoms like inflammation, demyelination and the destruction of neurological actions. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely accepted animal model for MS. EAE is created in animals by injecting the tissue of myelin basic protein (MBP), CNS, or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) along with the adjuvant. EAE and MS are similar diseases. Honey Bee venom (Apis mellifera) contains a variety of low and high molecular weight peptides and proteins, including melittin, apamin, adolapin, mast cell degranulating peptide and phospholipase A2.

Neuroprotection in a novel mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

Mortality following a brain tumour diagnosis in patients with multiple sclerosis.
As brain tumours and their treatment may theoretically have a poorer prognosis in inflammatory central nervous system diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), all-cause mortality following a brain tumour diagnosis was compared between patients with and without MS. The potential role of age at tumour diagnosis was also examined.  Younger age at tumour diagnosis may contribute to mortality reduction in those with high-grade and uncertain-grade brain tumours. Survival following a brain tumour is not worse in patients with MS; even after age at brain tumour diagnosis and grade of malignancy are taken into account.

Let's rehabilitate cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.
Up to 60% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience cognitive dysfunction, with prominent involvement of complex attention, information processing speed, executive functions, episodic memory, and visuospatial abilities. Since MS-related cognitive deficits can substantially affect a wide range of daily life activities (e.g., work, driving, social integration, and adherence to medication regimens), it is imperative that we identify and develop strategies to alleviate them.


Efficacy and safety of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) and other disease modifying therapies for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and mixed treatment comparison.
Currently, direct comparative evidence or head-to-head data between BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) and other disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) is limited. This study is a systematic review and data synthesis of published randomized clinical trials comparing the efficacy and safety of existing DMTs to BG-12 for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS).   Based on indirect comparison, BG-12 offers an effective oral treatment option for patients with RRMS with an overall promising efficacy and safety profile compared to currently approved DMTs. Key limitations of the systematic review were the large heterogeneity in patients enrolled, and the variability in the definition of outcomes in included trials.

Prevalence of joint contractures and muscle weakness in people with multiple sclerosis.
Abstract Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of joint contracture (limited passive range of joint motion) and muscle weakness in a population with multiple sclerosis (MS). A secondary aim was to establish normative data of functional tests of mobility and balance of people with MS who are still ambulant.  These data show that in addition to muscle weakness joint contractures are highly prevalent among people with MS, especially in the ankle joint. This implicates that prevention of contracture is crucial in providing rehabilitation to people with MS. Implications for Rehabilitation Joint contractures are highly prevalent of people with MS, especially in the lower limb, even at an early stage. While many interventions such as stretching and serial casting have been implemented to reduce contractures, there is not yet strong evidence for their effectiveness. Further research is required.

Relating relapse and T2 lesion changes to disability progression in multiple sclerosis: a systematic literature review and regression analysis.
In the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), the most important therapeutic aim of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) is to prevent or postpone long-term disability. Given the typically slow progression observed in the majority of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients, the primary endpoint for most randomized clinical trials (RCTs) is a reduction in relapse rate. It is widely assumed that reducing relapse rate will slow disability progression. Similarly, MRI studies suggest that reducing T2 lesions will be associated with slowing long-term disability in MS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between treatment effects on relapse rates and active T2 lesions to differences in disease progression (as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]) in trials evaluating patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), RRMS, and secondary progressive MS (SPMS).  Treatment differences in relapse reduction and T2 lesions are positively related to differences in disease progression over the first two years of treatment.

Treatment options for patients with multiple sclerosis who have a suboptimal response to interferon-β therapy.
Although the first-line disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) interferon beta and glatiramer acetate have a favourable benefit-to-risk profile, they are only partially effective for treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The optimization of treatment in patients who do not show a maximum response to first-line therapy is critical for achieving the best long-term outcomes. Treatment strategies for patients with a suboptimal response include switching to another first-line DMT or a second-line DMT. Natalizumab and fingolimod are approved for RRMS with high disease activity in the European Union and Canada.  A descriptive comparison of fingolimod and natalizumab is provided in the context of the decision-making process of how and when to switch patients who have a suboptimal response to first-line therapy.

Patient-related factors may affect the outcome of neuropsychological rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.
The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with neuropsychological rehabilitation outcome in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).  Patient-related factors may affect neuropsychological rehabilitation outcome in MS.

Low contrast visual acuity testing is associated with cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional pilot study.

Effect of treadmill training on fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.
People with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) tend to be less physically active than the general population. Limited physical activity increases fatigue, possibly affecting other functions such as balance. Treadmill training is a promising method to ameliorate these symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of treadmill training on fatigue and balance.

Multiple Sclerosis International Federation: Stimulating international cooperation in researc.

A novel pH-sensitive interferon-β (INF-β) oral delivery system for application in multiple sclerosis.

Lower Serum Levels of Th2-Related Chemokine CCL22 in Women Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Comparison Between Patients and Healthy Women.

The glutathione S-transferase T1 deletion is associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis.

The influence of disease duration, clinical course, and immunosuppressive therapy on the synthesis of intrathecal oligoclonal IgG bands in multiple sclerosis.

Metabolomic approach to human brain spectroscopy identifies associations between clinical features and the frontal lobe metabolome in multiple sclerosis.

Muscle-specific kinase antibody positive myaesthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis co-presentation: A case report and literature review.

Electroconvulsive therapy in patient with psychotic depression and multiple sclerosis.

Fatigue and sleep-disordered breathing in multiple sclerosis: a clinically relevant association?
Objective. To evaluate the importance of routine respirography in MS patients with severe fatigue and to explore the effects of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
Conclusion. Respirography in MS patients with severe fatigue should be considered in daily medical practice, because SDB frequency is high and CPAP therapy reduces fatigue severity.

Factors affecting bone mineral density in multiple sclerosis patients.
 BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease which can cause many disabilities for the patient. Recent data suggests that MS patients have higher risk for osteoporosis. This study was performed to investigate if the osteoporosis prevalence is higher in MS patients and to determine the possible factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD).
CONCLUSION: As a result of this study, bone loss inevitably occurs in MS patients. The major factor of BMD loss is immobility. Osteoporosis should be managed as part of MS patients' treatment protocols.

Comparison of serum levels of copper and zinc among multiple sclerosis patients and control group.

Can multiple sclerosis as a cognitive disorder influence patients' dreams?
Dream should be considered as a kind of cognitive ability that is formed parallel to other cognitive capabilities like language. On the other hand, multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease that can involve different aspects of our cognition. Therefore, MS may influence patients' dreams. In fact, we do not know what the importance of dream is in MS, but further studies may introduce dream and dreaming as a sign of improvement or progression in MS disease.

The relation between peptide hormones and sex hormone in patients with multiple sclerosis.
BACKGROUND: Hormones can play a significant role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to compare levels of ghrelin, leptin, and testosterone hormones of MS patients with healthy subjects, and assess the relationship between levels of peptide hormone and sex hormones in MS patients.
CONCLUSION: According to the results, there was no significant difference between peptide and sex hormones of MS patients and healthy persons. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between peptide and sex hormones of MS patients and healthy persons.

Is serum vitamin D levels associated with disability in patients with newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis?
BACKGROUND: Although the precise etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, it seems that both genetic and environmental factors are important. Recent studies suggest that low serum vitamin D levels are important environmental factor in MS. The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of vitamin D between MS patients and healthy subjects, and to determine its association with disability in MS patients.
CONCLUSION: Our findings did not suggest a protective association for serum vitamin D levels against disability in MS patients.

Prevalence of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis and its effect on the quality of life.
OBJECTIVE: This prospective study was carried out to observe the prevalence of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and its effect on quality-of-life (QoL).
CONCLUSION: Prevalence of fatigue was found to be high in the MS patients in the study. All four domains of QoL were significantly more impaired in the group with fatigue than in those without fatigue.

Baló's concentric sclerosis in a girl with interesting presentation.

Neurological manifestations in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome.

Physical trauma and risk of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Relating relapse and T2 lesion changes to disability progression in multiple sclerosis: a systematic literature review and regression analysis.

Anesthetic technique in a patient with multiple sclerosis scheduled for laparoscopic nephrectomy for a renal tumor: a case report.

Prevalence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: a blinded sonographic evaluation.

Cladribine interferes with IL-1β synaptic effects in experimental multiple sclerosis.

Elevated and dysregulated bone morphogenic proteins in immune cells of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Promoting Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis-Recent Advances.

Anesthetic technique in a patient with multiple sclerosis scheduled for laparoscopic nephrectomy for a renal tumor: a case report.


Modeling disease severity in multiple sclerosis using electronic health records.


Prevalence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: a blinded sonographic evaluation.
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is a haemodynamic condition strongly associated with multiple sclerosis and is not found in normal controls. The addition of M-mode ultrasound to the diagnostic protocol allows improved observation of venous valve abnormalities.


Clinical Outcomes Following Surgical Management of Coexistent Cervical Stenosis and Multiple Sclerosis: A Cohort Controlled Analysis.
Myelopathic patients with coexisting MS and CS improve after surgery, although at a lower rate and to a lesser degree than those without MS. Therefore, surgery should be considered for these patients. MS patients should be informed that 1) myelopathy symptoms are less likely to be alleviated completely or may only be alleviated temporarily due to progression of MS, and 2) that surgery can help alleviate neck pain and radicular symptoms.


[Impact of physical activity level on alexithymia and coping strategies in an over-40 multiple sclerosis population: A pilot study.]
This study provides insight for future research about the impact of physical activity on multiple sclerosis.


What do multiple sclerosis patients and their caregivers perceive as unmet needs?
A better understanding of MS patient needs, starting from the point of view of patients and caregivers, could have a great impact on quality of life and on management of the disease.


Treatment options for patients with multiple sclerosis who have a suboptimal response to interferon-β therapy.

A descriptive comparison of fingolimod and natalizumab is provided in the context of the decision-making process of how and when to switch patients who have a suboptimal response to first-line therapy.


Prolonged-release fampridine improves walking in a proportion of patients with multiple sclerosis.
Fampridine is indicated to improve walking in adult multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Indications vary between countries and the prescribing neurologist should be aware of the labeling and indication in his own country. 


Prevalence of joint contractures and muscle weakness in people with multiple sclerosis.
Abstract Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of joint contracture (limited passive range of joint motion) and muscle weakness in a population with multiple sclerosis (MS). A secondary aim was to establish normative data of functional tests of mobility and balance of people with MS who are still ambulant. Design: Cross-sectional study.


Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics.


Examination of Cognitive Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging.


Preserved Antigen-Specific Immune Response in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Responding to IFNβ-Therapy.


Care ethics for guiding the process of multiple sclerosis diagnosis.

Assessment of cardiac safety during fingolimod treatment initiation in a real-world relapsing multiple sclerosis population: a phase 3b, open-label study.


Is There Extra Cost of Institutional Care for MS Patients?
hroughout life, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) require increasing levels of support, rehabilitative services, and eventual skilled nursing facility (SNF) care. There are concerns that access to SNF care for MS patients is limited because of perceived higher costs of their care. This study compares costs of caring for an MS patient versus those of a typical SNF patient. We merged SNF cost report data with the 2001-2006 Nursing Home Minimum Data Set (MDS) to calculate percentage of MS residents-days and facility case-mix indices (CMIs).

Cost minimisation analysis of fingolimod vs natalizumab as a second line of treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Fingolimod is more efficient than natalizumab as a second-line treatment option for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and it generates savings for the Spanish national health system.

[Need for creating Polish registry of multiple sclerosis patients].

Predictors of effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment on motor dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.
These data confirm that an intensive inpatient rehabilitation program is able to produce a short-term relevant improvement on clinical and functional outcome measures and suggest some clinical features which can be considered as potential predictors of the outcome of rehabilitative intervention.


The Promoter SNP, but not the Alternative Splicing SNP, is Linked to Multiple Sclerosis Among Jordanian Patients.

Rare Inflammatory Diseases of the White Matter and Mimics of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders.

Effects of a 4-month Ananda Yoga Program on Physical and Mental Health Outcomes for Persons With Multiple Sclerosis.

Adding to the burden: gastrointestinal symptoms and syndromes in multiple sclerosis.

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness, Brain Atrophy, and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.
This study shows that RNFL thickness correlates with BCR and with MS subtypes. Additionally, our study indicates that OCT is better suited for MS assessment than GDx. We conclude that the damage of retinal axons appears related to brain damage in patients with MS.

Functional brain network analysis using minimum spanning trees in Multiple Sclerosis: An MEG source-space study.

Impact of delayed diagnosis and treatment in clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis research: diagnostics, disease-modifying treatments, and emerging therapies.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease that affects the central nervous system. It is believed to be an immune mediated disease, and although the etiology remains unknown, it is believed to occur from a combination of genetic risk factors and environmental risk factors. There is no single diagnostic test for MS, and diagnostic criteria have been developed to aid the provider in making an accurate and timely diagnosis.

Regional brain atrophy and functional connectivity changes related to fatigue in multiple sclerosis.
Fatigue is one of the most frequent symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), and recent studies have described a relationship between the sensorimotor cortex and its afferent and efferent pathways as a substrate of fatigue. The objectives of this study were to assess the neural correlates of fatigue in MS through gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) atrophy, and resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) of the sensorimotor network (SMN).  Efficacy and safety of laquinimod in multiple sclerosis: current status.

Voxel-Wise Displacement as Independent Features in Classification of Multiple Sclerosis.

Activation of MSRV-Type Endogenous Retroviruses during Infectious Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Latency: The Missing Link with Multiple Sclerosis?

A Mathematical Framework for the Registration and Analysis of Multi-Fascicle Models for Population Studies of the Brain Microstructure.

Percutaneous sclerotherapy with ethanolamine oleate for venous malformations of the head and neck.
Percutaneous sclerotherapy with ethanolamine oleate appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of venous malformations and should be considered when treating these complex lesions. The efficacy of this agent appears to match or exceed that of other sclerosants used for such treatment, and further investigation in prospective controlled research is warranted.

No evidence for shared genetic basis of common variants in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis-induced neuropathic pain: pharmacological management and pathophysiological insights from rodent EAE models.
In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), pain is a frequent and disabling symptom. The prevalence is in the range 29-86 % depending upon the assessment protocols utilised and the definition of pain applied. Neuropathic pain that develops secondary to demyelination, neuroinflammation and axonal damage in the central nervous system is the most distressing and difficult type of pain to treat.

Risk of multiple sclerosis after optic neuritis in patients with normal baseline brain MRI.
When assessing and managing a patient with optic neuritis (ON), the risk of future development of multiple sclerosis (MS) is an important issue, as this can be the first presentation of the disease. Although the presence of lesions on baseline brain MRI is the strongest predictor of MS conversion, some patients with normal imaging also develop MS.

Characteristics of multiple sclerosis in the Middle East with special reference to the applicability of international guidelines to the region.
Abstract We have reviewed the clinical literature with reference to the local applicability of guidelines for the diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis (MS) in the Middle East.

Quantitative MRI analysis in children with multiple sclerosis: a multicenter feasibility pilot study.
Assessment of MRI lesion LV characteristics is feasible in a multicenter cohort of children with MS.

Assessments of nursing home guidelines for quality of care provided to residents with multiple sclerosis.

IL-12, but not IL-23, induces the expression of IL-7 in microglia and macrophages: Implications for multiple sclerosis.


TNFRSF1A in multiple sclerosis: A tale of soluble receptors and signaling cascades
   Pentti J. Tienari and Reinhard Hohlfeld
   Neurology. published 30 October 2013,
   10.1212/01.wnl.0000436624.56026.eb
   http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/01.wnl.0000436624.56026.ebv1?ct=ct


Clinical relevance and functional consequences of the TNFRSF1A multiple sclerosis locus
   Linda Ottoboni, Irene Y. Frohlich, Michelle Lee, Brian C. Healy,
   Brendan T. Keenan, Zongqi Xia, Tanuja Chitnis, Charles R. Guttmann,
   Samia J. Khoury, Howard L. Weiner, David A. Hafler, and Philip L. De
   Jager
   Neurology. published 30 October 2013,
   10.1212/01.wnl.0000436612.66328.8a
   http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/01.wnl.0000436612.66328.8av1?ct=ct


Early pathological alterations of lower lumbar cords detected by ultrahigh-field MRI in a mouse multiple sclerosis model   Yuki Mori, Masaaki Murakami, Yasunobu Arima, Dasong Zhu, Yasuo
   Terayama, Yutaka Komai, Yuji Nakatsuji, Daisuke Kamimura, and
   Yoshichika Yoshioka
   Int. Immunol. published 29 October 2013, 10.1093/intimm/dxt044
   http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/dxt044v2?ct=ct

Alemtuzumab-Related Thyroid Dysfunction in a Phase 2 Trial of Patients with
Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
   Gilbert H. Daniels, Anton Vladic, Vesna Brinar, Igor Zavalishin,
   William Valente, Pedro Oyuela, Jeffrey Palmer, and David H. Margolin
   J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. published 29 October 2013,
   10.1210/jc.2013-2201
   http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/jc.2013-2201v1?ct=ct

 
Assessments of nursing home guidelines for quality of care provided to residents with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple Sclerosis International Federation: Stimulating international cooperation in research.The MS International Federation (MSIF), established in 1967, links the activities of over 85 national multiple sclerosis (MS) societies worldwide. Over those 45 years, and particularly in the last 20, it has seen dramatic changes in our understanding, treatment, and multidisciplinary management of people with MS.

Multiple sclerosis research: diagnostics, disease-modifying treatments, and emerging therapies.

Effects of walking direction and cognitive challenges on gait in persons with multiple sclerosis.


Long-term impact of interferon beta-1b in patients with CIS: 8-year follow-up of BENEFIT.


No evidence for shared genetic basis of common variants in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.


Dalfampridine improves walking speed, walking endurance, and
Neuroimaging biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases and dementia.

community participation in veterans with multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal cohort study.

Efficacy and safety of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) and other disease modifying therapies for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and mixed treatment comparison.

Low contrast visual acuity testing is associated with cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional pilot study.
Our data show that: a) cognitive impairment and performance in visual function tests such as low contrast sensitivity testing are associated; b) the main cognitive domains correlating with visual test performance are information processing speed and, to a lesser degree, memory; This preliminary data needs to be substantiated in further studies investigating patients with a higher cognitive burden, healthy controls and in longitudinal settings.

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness, Brain Atrophy, and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.

Review of laquinimod and its therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis.

Teriflunomide: A Review of Its Use in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.

Effect of treadmill training on fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.

The Regulation of Reactive Changes Around Multiple Sclerosis Lesions by Phosphorylated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription.


It is well documented that disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis is correlated with axonal injury and that the extent of axonal injury is correlated with the degree of inflammation. However, the interdependence between focal inflammation, diffuse inflammation and neurodegeneration, and their relative contribution to clinical deficits, remains ambiguous.

PRO measures were improved with natalizumab in a real-world setting. The improvements were observed as early as after 3 months and sustained over a 12-month period. The improvements in PROs show that, in clinical practice, the clinical benefits of natalizumab are translated into patient-reported benefits.

The association between MS disease and the MSRV-type HERV-W element now appears quite strong, as evidenced ex-vivo from serum and PBMC with post-mortem confirmation in brain lesions. Chronic progressive MS, RRMS and clinically isolated syndrome show different ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and/or PCR profiles suggestive of an increase with disease evolution, and amplicon sequencing confirms the association with particular HERV-W elements.

Differential diagnosis leading to MS or alternatives is complex and a strong evidence base is lacking. Consensus-determined guidelines provide a practical path for diagnosis and will be useful for the non-MS specialist neurologist. Recommendations are made for future research to validate and support these guidelines. Guidance on the differential diagnosis process when MS is under consideration will enhance diagnostic accuracy and precision.

We demonstrated for the first time, albeit only with preliminary data, the aprioristic possibility of distinguishing naive and IFN-treated MS groups from controls, and naive from IFN-treated MS patients using a blood sample-based methodology (i.e. proteomics) alone. The functional profile of the identified molecules provides new pathophysiological insight into MS. Future development of these techniques could open up novel applications in terms of molecular diagnosis and therapy monitoring in MS patients.

These results do not support a major role of stress in the development of the disease, but repeated and more focused measures of stress are needed to firmly exclude stress as a potential risk factor for MS.


Poor sleep is common in patients with MS. Early identification and treatment of modifiable risk factors may improve sleep and quality of life in MS.


Our findings, show no correlation between EA, CD and postpartum relapses and disability. Therefore these procedures can safely be applied in MS patients. On the other hand, post-partum relapses are significantly associated with increased disability, which calls for the need of preventive therapies after delivery.





Nearly one-half of Brazilian patients with multiple sclerosis using natalizumab are DNA-JC virus positive.
Objective Natalizumab is a new and efficient treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). The risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) during the use of this drug has created the need for better comprehension of JC virus (JCV) infection.

Evaluation of changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual functions in cases of optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis.
RNFL thickness is reduced in ON and MS cases in a pattern similar to Caucasians and is associated with the magnitude of impairment of other visual parameters. Contrast sensitivity and stereoacuity are useful tests to identify subclinical optic nerve involvement in multiple sclerosis.


Utilization of physical rehabilitation among people with multiple sclerosis.
Rehabilitation of MS patients is not systematically provided, especially in early stages of disease when best results can be achieved.

Treatment patterns in multiple sclerosis: administrative claims analysis over 10 years.
Changes in treatment patterns in the first half of the observation period were reflective of the addition of IFNβ-1a SC to the market in 2002. Following the 2003 and 2008 anchor prescriptions there were differences in treatment patterns, with more IFNβ-1a IM users being changed to IFNβ-1a SC after the 2003 anchor DMT, and more of each of the interferons and NZ being changed to GA following the 2008 anchor DMT. With the introduction of oral therapies for MS, treatment patterns will again be impacted.

Factors related to difficulties with employment in patients with multiple sclerosis: a review of 2002-2011 literature.
We assess the knowledge available on the difficulties experienced by multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in work-related activities. A literature review was carried out using the keywords 'multiple sclerosis' and 'employment' or 'work' through PubMed and EMBASE.

Level of mobility limitations and falls status in persons with multiple sclerosis.
The current findings highlight that fall rates including recurrent fall prevalence is not uniform across mobility aid categories in persons with MS. Those using bilateral assistance for gait have the highest prevalence of fallers and those with walking limitations and not yet using an aid had the greatest prevalence of multiple falls.

Multiple sclerosis starting before the age of 18 years: the Brazilian experience.

Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Verona, Italy: an epidemiological and genetic study.
Indications for hospitalization and in-hospital mortality in Thai systemic sclerosis.

The month of birth effect in multiple sclerosis: systematic review, meta-analysis and effect of latitude.

Epileptic seizures in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica.

Multiple Sclerosis International Federation: Stimulating international cooperation in research.

[Resources and Self-Management Skills in Multiple Sclerosis Patients - Can the Scale Structure of the Questionnaire FERUS be Replicated?]

Single-Institution Retrospective Series of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis-Related Trigeminal Neuralgia: Factors that Predict Efficacy.

Fully automatic detection of deep white matter T1 hypointense lesions in multiple sclerosis.

A decade of data for the uk multiple sclerosis risk-sharing scheme.

Respiratory tract rather than cutaneous atopic allergy inversely associate with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study.

Neuroborreliosis during natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis.

Impact of disease-modifying therapies on the survival of patients with multiple sclerosis in Taiwan, 1997-2008.
The results of this study support the notion that DMTs can improve the survival of patients with MS, and show that individuals with the risk factors of older age, rural residence and lower economic status had a higher MS-related mortality risk in Taiwan.

Detection of B-cell populations with monotypic light chain expression in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with multiple sclerosis by polychromatic flow cytometry.

Preliminary study related the incidence of methylprednisolone pulse therapy in patients visited multiple sclerosis clinic located at the isfahan kashani hospital.

Effects of exercise training on fitness, mobility, fatigue, and health-related quality of life among adults with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review to inform guideline development.
Among those with mild to moderate disability from MS, there is sufficient evidence that exercise training is effective for improving both aerobic capacity and muscular strength. Exercise may improve mobility, fatigue, and health-related quality of life.

Incidence of multiple sclerosis in multiple racial and ethnic groups.
Our findings do not support the widely accepted assertion that blacks have a lower risk of MS than whites. A possible explanation for our findings is that people with darker skin tones have lower vitamin D levels and thereby an increased risk of MS, but this would not explain why Hispanics and Asians have a lower risk of MS than whites or why the higher risk of MS among blacks was found only among women.

Month of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis in a Portuguese population.

Squinting through layers of fog: assessing the cost effectiveness of treatments for multiple sclerosis.
There are many complexities for those designing and reporting cost-effectiveness studies of treatments for MS. Analysts, and ultimately decision makers, face multiple data and methodological challenges. Policy makers, technology developers, clinicians, patients and researchers need to acknowledge and address these challenges and to consider recommendations that will improve the current scenario. There  is a need for further research that can constructively inform decision-making regarding the funding of treatments for MS.

Increased incidence of multiple sclerosis in the Veneto region, Italy.

A novel method for calculating prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Australia.

Newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis in state of Qatar.
MS in Qatar is an emerging disorder especially in the native population. The pattern of disease differs from other Middle Eastern countries by its milder clinical and aggressive radiologic disease presentation.

Lung volume recruitment in multiple sclerosis.

Risk of multiple sclerosis following clinically isolated syndrome: a 4-year prospective study.
The aim of the study was to estimate the rate of conversion from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to multiple sclerosis (MS) and to investigate variables predicting conversion in a cohort of patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of MS. Patients with a first symptom suggestive of MS in the preceding 6 months and exclusion of other diseases were enrolled in an observational prospective study  from December 2004 through June 2007.






Advances in the treatment of relapsing—remitting multiple sclerosis — critical appraisal of fingolimod











How does fingolimod (gilenya(®)) fit in the treatment algorithm for highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?

Adverse events during the titration phase of interferon-beta in remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis are not predicted by body mass index nor by pharmacodynamic biomarkers

A pragmatic parallel arm multi-centre randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a group-based fatigue management programme (FACETS) for people with multiple sclerosis.

Teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis: therapeutic utility.

Magnetic resonance monitoring of lesion evolution in multiple sclerosis.

The effect of fluoxetine on progression in progressive multiple sclerosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

The effect of vitamin a supplementation on biochemical parameters in multiple sclerosis patients.

Updates on clinically isolated syndrome and diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis.

Epidemiology in multiple sclerosis: a pilgrim's progress.

[Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy].

Regional cortical thickness in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: A multi-center study.

Multicentre absolute myelin water content mapping: Development of a whole brain atlas and application to low-grade multiple sclerosis.

Improving the clinical correlation of multiple sclerosis black hole volume change by paired-scan analysis.

Mimotopic peptide immunotherapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory autoimmune disease.

P300 wave changes in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Is There Extra Cost of Institutional Care for MS Patients?

Adding to the burden: gastrointestinal symptoms and syndromes in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple cancers in a patient with systemic sclerosis and aggravated interstitial lung disease by chemotherapy.

Growth hormone response to clonidine administration for evaluation of autonomic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients.

Third ventricular enlargement in early stages of multiple sclerosis is a predictor of motor and neuropsychological deficits: a cross-sectional study.

Predictors of effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment on motor dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.

Effects of exercise on fitness and cognition in progressive MS: a randomized, controlled pilot trial.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Duloxetine for the Treatment of Pain in Patients withMultiple Sclerosis.

Quality of life outcomes with BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: The DEFINE study.

Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate administered with and without aspirin in healthy volunteers.

BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate): a review of mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety.

Stress in multiple sclerosis: review of new developments and future directions.

Does pain in individuals with multiple sclerosis affect employment? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Emerging injectable therapies for multiple sclerosis.

Aerobic exercise increases hippocampal volume and improves memory in multiple sclerosis: Preliminary findings.
                       
Changes of brain resting state functional connectivity predict the persistence of cognitive rehabilitation effects in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Effect of textured insoles on balance and gait in people with multiple sclerosis: an exploratory trial.

Inflammation Markers in Multiple Sclerosis: CXCL16 Reflects and May Also Predict Disease Activity.

Increased breast cancer risk for patients with multiple sclerosis: a nationwide population-based cohort study.

Immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects of Hot-nature diet and co-supplemented hemp seed, evening primrose oils intervention in multiple sclerosis patients.

Measuring response in the gastrointestinal tract in systemic sclerosis.

Natalizumab (tysabri)-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: insights from perfusion magnetic resonance imaging.

Placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod in multiple sclerosis: MRI evidence of an effect on brain tissue damage.

Disease-activity-free status in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with daclizumab high-yield process in the SELECT study.

Neuropsychological rehabilitation has beneficial effects on perceived cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosisduring nine-month follow-up.

The discovery of natalizumab, a potent therapeutic for multiple sclerosis




Immunoregulatory Effects of Interferon-β in Suppression of Th17 cells.















Quantification of multiple-sclerosis-related brain atrophy in two heterogeneous MRI datasets using mixed-effects modeling.


Intra-individual variability in information processing speed reflects white matter microstructure in multiple sclerosis.

Cognition in MS correlates with resting-state oscillatory brain activity: An explorative MEG source-space study.

OASIS is Automated Statistical Inference for Segmentation, with applications to multiple sclerosis lesion segmentation in MRI.

DTI detects water diffusion abnormalities in the thalamus that correlate with an extremity pain episode in a patient with multiple sclerosis.

A comprehensive approach to the segmentation of multichannel three-dimensional MR brain images in multiple sclerosis.

Regional cortical thickness in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: A multi-center study.

Multicentre absolute myelin water content mapping: Development of a whole brain atlas and application to low-grade multiple sclerosis.

Improving the clinical correlation of multiple sclerosis black hole volume change by paired-scan analysis.

Mimotopic peptide immunotherapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory autoimmune disease.

The changing landscape of voltage-gated calcium channels in neurovascular disorders and in neurodegenerative diseases.

Relative contribution of cognitive and physical disability components to quality of life in MS.

Improvement of driving skills in persons with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: a pilot study.

Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response.

TNFRSF1A in multiple sclerosis: A tale of soluble receptors and signaling cascades.

Clinically meaningful performance benchmarks in MS: Timed 25-Foot Walk and the real world.

A nine-year population-based cohort study on the risk of multiple sclerosis in patients with optic neuritis.

Mood and coping in clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis.

Alemtuzumab-Related Thyroid Dysfunction in a Phase 2 Trial of Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.

A single session of 1 mA anodal tDCS-supported motor training does not improve motor performance in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Regional brain atrophy and functional connectivity changes related to fatigue in multiple sclerosis.

Functional brain network analysis using minimum spanning trees in Multiple Sclerosis: An MEG source-space study.

Fatty fish intake is associated with decreased occurrence of multiple sclerosis.


Control of spasticity in a multiple sclerosis model using central nervous system-excluded CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonists 

Vowel Acoustics in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis: Comparison of Clear, Loud, and Slow Speaking Conditions

Predictors of effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment on motor dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Duloxetine for the Treatment of Pain in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Rare Inflammatory Diseases of the White Matter and Mimics of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders.

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness, Brain Atrophy, and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.




Reduced axonal motor protein expression in non-lesional grey matter in multiple sclerosis

HLA-E restricted CD8+ T cell subsets are phenotypically altered in multiple sclerosis patients 

Automated extraction of clinical traits of multiple sclerosis in electronic medical records

Quality of life outcomes with BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: The DEFINE study 

Early pathological alterations of lower lumber cords detected by ultrahigh-field MRI in a mouse multiple sclerosis model

The CYP27B1 variant associated with increased risk of autoimmune disease is underexpressed in tolerising dendritic cells.

Intraoperative smile in a multiple sclerosis patient with medication-refractory tremor.